Faculty Publications
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Item Void-aware routing protocols for underwater communication networks: A survey(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is a technology used in several marine applications like environment prediction, defense applications, and discovering mineral resources. UASNs has several challenges like high bit error rate, high latency, low bandwidth, and void-node problem during routing. In the context of routing protocols for underwater communication networks, the void-node problem is one of the major challenging issues. The void-node problem arises in the underwater communication during the greedy-forwarding technique, due to which packet will not be forwarded further toward the sink. In this review paper, we analyze the void-node problem in underwater networks and issues related to the void-node. Also, we elaborate on the significant classification of void-handling routing protocols. We analyze both location-based and pressure-based void-handling routing protocols. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd 2021.Item Congestion adaptive routing in wireless mesh networks(2010) Tiwari, A.K.; Basavaraju, T.G.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The main reason for packet loss in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) is due to congestion. Presently, routing in WMNs is not congestion-adaptive. Routing may let a congestion happen which is detected by congestion control. The way in which the congestion is handled results in longer delay and more packet loss and requires significant overhead if a new route is needed. Hence, we propose a congestion adaptive routing protocol (CARP) for WMNs with such properties. Our ns-2 simulation results confirm that CARP can successfully achieve a high packet delivery ratio with lower routing overhead and latency in WMNs. ©2010 IEEE.Item Location-Free Void Avoidance Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer, 2022) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The field of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging areas of communication due to the number of marine applications. However, UASNs face several fundamental challenges like node movement, high propagation delay, low throughput, high bit-error-rate, low bandwidth, and void-node during communication. Void-node during routing is one of the major problems during routing, which causes high end-to-end delay to route the packets to the sink. The void-node is a fundamental challenge in UASNs and directly influences the UASNs in terms of the end-to-end delay, packet loss, and reliability of the UASNs. The main objective of this paper is to design a void-aware routing protocol referred to as Location-Free Void Avoidance Routing (LFVAR) protocol. It develops void-awareness among nodes in the UASNs and prevents forwarding of the packets to void and trap nodes. Further, LFVAR capable of selecting the efficient void-recovery path for the void-nodes present in the UASNs. Thus, it aims at reducing the end-to-end delay, lower energy consumption, higher packet delivery ratio, and increasing throughput during routing. The LFVAR protocol is implemented in UnetStack and further compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) protocol. The simulation result shows that the packets in LFVAR reach the sink 32.32 % faster, consumes 20.54 % lower energy, and 9.8 % higher packet delivery ratio than Intar. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Hop-based void avoidance routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks(Inderscience Publishers, 2023) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.More than 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. There is a need to explore the underwater in various applications like disaster detection, environmental monitoring, resource detection, etc. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are the prominent technology used in exploring underwater. UASNs faces challenges such as energy constraint on networks, increased routing complexity due to dynamic network topology, and void node results in increased complexity. The void node poses a major challenge in the routing of UASNs. A void node not being handled properly leads to a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), higher end-to-end delay. This paper proposes a hop-based void avoidance routing (HVAR) protocol, which is a sender-based, void-avoidance routing protocol. HVAR efficiently distributes void node information in the networks and avoids data transmission to such nodes in the network. HVAR is implemented using UnetStack, and its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay, PDR, energy consumption, and throughput. © © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Novel Fuzzy-based Objective Function for routing protocol for low power and lossy networks(Elsevier B.V., 2023) Kamble, S.; Bhilwar, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.In both wired and wireless networks, data routing along the best path is constantly a top priority for the research community. Currently, the most widely adopted routing algorithms in the Internet of Things is the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). In RPL, selecting the optimal path primarily depends on the Objective Function (OF). Multi-attribute OFs are thought to be a viable method for choosing the best path, but the main concern here is how these attributes must be coupled. Such issues are being taken care by fuzzy based technologies as it deals with imprecise or distorted attribute values. Most of the fuzzy logic-based OFs are mainly based on the Mamdani method, which has low accuracy. However, a better accuracy is observed in Takagi–Sugeno method. Hence the paper develops a Fuzzy-based Takagi and Sugeno Objective Function (FTSOF) for RPL. The FTSOF technique combines the routing metrics to give a crisp value based on which the parent node is selected. The proposed approach is implemented in the Contiki operating system. The simulation was carried out on different network densities and various data rates. The performance parameters considered are packet delivery ratio, latency, network setup time, and control message overhead. The results shows that FTSOF outperforms the state-of-the-art techniques such as OF-0, MRHOF, and the Fuzzy-based Mamdani Objective Function (FMOF). © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Cluster-Based Multi-attribute Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer, 2024) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks play a significant role in various underwater applications. There are several challenges in underwater communications like high bit-error-rate, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, void-node during routing, etc. Handling void-node during routing is a major challenge in underwater routing. There are well-known void-handling protocols like Energy-efficient Void-Aware Geographic Routing protocol, HydroCast, etc. However, these routing protocols require all neighboring nodes must be a part of the cluster which increases the overhead on clustering, or void-node has a part of the routing. This paper proposes an underwater routing protocol referred to as Cluster-based Multi-Attribute Routing (CMAR) to overcome these issues. It is a sender-based, opportunistic underwater routing protocol. CMAR uses the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to evaluate the suitability of the neighboring nodes and the basis for clustering process initialization. Through MATLAB simulations, the performance of the CMAR is compared with HydroCast in terms of the number of nodes selected in the forwarding set, number of clusters formed, number of times void-node becomes part of routing and transmission reliability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Item EWRPL: entropy-based weighted RPL(Springer, 2025) Kamble, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices communicating through the internet. Routing is a crucial aspect of IoT for effective communication between devices since intermediate nodes collect and transmit sensor data for processing. IoT networks face limitations like poor connectivity, and devices are constrained in power, bandwidth, and memory. The Internet Engineering Task Force developed the Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) to address these issues. In RPL, a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) is formed to start the data transfer. Rank is computed using routing metrics and an objective function during DODAG formation. The paper studies the approaches developed for rank calculation and proposes a new technique called the Entropy-based Weighted approach for RPL (EWRPL). The proposed approach combines the routing metrics and computes the rank for parent selection. In EWRPL, we have assigned weights to the routing metrics using the entropy method. The proposed approach considers four routing metrics-hop count, ETX, delay, and energy. The EWRPL approach was experimented with using the Cooja simulator and Contiki-OS. The study indicates that utilizing the EWRPL approach results in a higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), lower latency, and reduced control message overhead compared to the two standard objective functions and the state-of-the-art equal weight approach. The technique can be used in various domains, such as home automation, healthcare, and industrial usage. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.