Faculty Publications
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Publications by NITK Faculty
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Item Polysaccharides: A Membrane Material(CRC Press, 2015) Shenvi, S.S.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Natural polysaccharides form a major class of the most extensively used biopolymers for different applications, one of which includes membrane-based separation. The major advantages offered by these materials for membrane-based separation include the following: Hydrophilicity of the polymer owing to the presence of hydroxyl groups present in the glucose units that comprise them Presence of large numbers of other functional groups such as carboxyl, amine, and hydroxyl groups © 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Contact Angle Measurements(Elsevier Inc., 2017) Hebbar, R.S.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Contact angle has been an important parameter to determine the wetting ability of the polymer membrane surface. Contact angle has gained interest in surface science in regards to its fundamental aspects and application point of view. This chapter will give an insight into fundamentals of contact angle including the theoretical backgrounds, brief history, and importance of contact angle. The various factors that affect the contact angle measurement will also be discussed. The chapter will also present contact angle hysteresis phenomena, comprising of advancing and receding contact angles along with the manifestations of contact angle hysteresis. The chapter will highlight the various methods and techniques available for the measurement of contact angle along with the comprehensive description of the methods. The chapter also covers the application contact angle on surface characterization, permeation, and antifouling nature of the membrane. © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Carbon-based nanocomposite membranes for water and wastewater purification(Elsevier, 2018) Gnani Peer Mohamed, G.P.S.; Isloor, A.M.; Yuliwati, E.; A.F., A.F.The carbon-based nanocomposite membranes are developing core technology for water and wastewater purification. These materials are broadly used in the fabrication of ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) and evolving forward osmosis (FO) nanocomposite membranes as an additive. In this chapter, performance enhancement of nanocomposite membranes using carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO), especially in the field of desalination, dye removal, oil/water separation and natural organic matter removal, is discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved..Item Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer(wiley, 2022) Panchami, H.R.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.; Susanti, R.Globally, with the consistent increment in population growth and urbanization, the demand for freshwater and food production is also increasing. Present conservation concerns about the limited availability of renewable resources and include disposal, recovery, and reuse for socioeconomic impact. The valuable resources include organic matter and essential nutrients, especially proteins, wasted in the wastewater stream. Developing efficient methodology using renewable and green technology is mandatory to recover valuable proteins and other nutrients with high production efficiency. In recent years, biodegradable polymers and the processes using biodegradable polymers are gaining wide attention from researchers. Such green processes/technologies are suitable for the recovery of proteins. Present short communication emphasizes the review of processes/technology using biodegradable polymer and the necessity for recovering or restoring valuable proteins from wastewater. © 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLC.Item Metal- Organic Framework Containing Polymeric Membranes for Fuel Cells(CRC Press, 2023) Shivarama, B.; Isloor, A.M.; Murthy, C.S.; Prabhu, B.; A.F., A.F.Fuel cells have attracted immense attention due to their application in green energy initiatives. The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are the two classes of fuel cells that work with polymer membrane technology. The pristine membranes of different polymeric materials lack the necessary properties to be called high-performing proton exchange membranes. However, the addition of porous materials like metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has brought substantial improvements regarding their proton conductivity, chemical, mechanical, and thermal steadiness. There have also been significant improvements in terms of methanol permeability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have fascinated scientists due to their porous structure, capacity to hold molecules, high selectivity, tunable pore size, and ability to undergo modifications in functionalization or post-synthetic modifications. Researchers have focused on developing composite membranes as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cells (FCs). MOF-incorporated composite membranes have exhibited tremendous potential and significant future material applications. This chapter provides an insight into the development of MOF-incorporated composite membranes as PEMs for FCs. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anil Kumar Pabby; S. Ranil Wickramasinghe; and Ana- Maria Sastre; individual chapters, the contributors.Item Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives(CRC Press, 2023) Nethravathi; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Wastewater treatment with the aid of membrane technology is a mindful strategy to alleviate the problem of water scarcity. Membrane bioreactors can regenerate wastewater efficiently by combining simple ultrafiltration or microfiltration membranes with the process of activated sludge. This review chapter unwinds the recent advancements of membrane bioreactor research thereby providing a deeper insight into the basic MBR process, building blocks, process design, operating parameters, various possible configurations, mass transfer phenomenon, and characterizations involved. Further, polymer selection for the design of membranes used in MBR is presented in detail. In the later part of the chapter, some key companies producing membranes for MBR are discussed in order to provide the real scenario of MBR application. Fouling is a major issue that reduces the performance of a reactor. Hence, various types of fouling and corresponding cleansing techniques are described in the latter part of the chapter. Under this, biological treatment is described in detail, including the most commonly explored techniques such as quorum quenching and enzymatic disruption. The chapter also scrutinizes the recent advancements of MBR applications such as pollutant elimination, configuration development, sludge reduction, energy-uptake reduction, life cycle reduction (LCR), and cost analysis. Finally, the future perspectives on MBR development are highlighted to draw the researchers’ attention to this area. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anil Kumar Pabby; S. Ranil Wickramasinghe; and Ana- Maria Sastre; individual chapters, the contributors.Item Membrane distillation for ammonia separation(Elsevier, 2024) Shivarama, B.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.This review chapter presents a broad study on ammonia separation from different sources of wastewater using the membrane distillation (MD) process. The other ammonia separation technique, that is, conventional distillation process, has also been discussed. Ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3) in wastewater are of great interest for researchers, and many methodologies have been developed for eliminating both the species. Ammonia is considered a dominant pollutant in many sources of wastewater such as industrial, domestic, and farming wastewaters, and its removal is essential for the reusage of the wastewater. Various categories of membranes, such as hollow fiber membranes, flat sheet membranes including blend, and mixed matrix membranes, are used for the ammonia eviction process. The impact of distinctive operational conditions and variables such as feed pH, feed solution temperature, feed molecule flow rate, feed concentration, feed flow velocity, feed ammonia concentration, mass flow rate, and downstream pressure on ammonia removal capability has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods have been discussed. The captivating and fascinating developments in MD for the displacement of ammonia from wastewater and their comparison and the technology of ammonia removal by the MD process were summarized. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Advanced 2D materials for biohydrogen purification(Elsevier, 2025) Prabhakar, N.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Accumulation of waste on the planet has risen to a peak due to elevating industrialization and urbanization on demand of bursting population growth. Outcomes are severe, including global warming, disease outbreaks, the greenhouse effect, and unpredictable natural calamities. It is, therefore, necessary to think about ways to convert the accumulated waste into some useful form. The growing population needs energy for its life-sustaining activities. Energy production from fossil fuels can lead to undesirable climate change. Potential applications such as powering proton exchange membrane fuel cells can be achieved using biohydrogen. Hydrogen is one of the clean, renewable alternative sources of energy that can be derived from waste. This review discusses the various ways of obtaining clean hydrogen from waste, especially using advanced two-dimensional materials. The role of boron-nitrides, layered double hydroxides, graphene oxide derivatives, two-dimensional covalent organic and metal-organic frameworks, two-dimensional zeolites, MXenes, and graphitic carbon nitrides in biohydrogen purification has been presented. The review also provides, in brief, the mechanism and process variables governing biohydrogen purification. Finally, the write-up scrutinizes the challenges faced during the synthesis of two-dimensional advanced materials and also their hydrogen purification performance. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item Nonporous polymeric membranes for biohydrogen purification(Elsevier, 2025) Mendonca, N.R.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Biohydrogen generated from biomass is a clean form of hydrogen. The dark fermentation process for the generation of biohydrogen gives a mixture of H2 and CO2 from which biohydrogen needs to be purified. From the available methods for biohydrogen purification, membrane technology is the most viable since it is less energy-intensive and can be combined easily with other processes. Both polymeric as well as inorganic membranes are employed in gas separation processes. Of these, nonporous polymeric membranes are economically viable and are hence used in large-scale gas separations. The use of nonporous polymeric membranes, composed of polymers like polybenzimidazole, polyimide, and polysulfone, for biohydrogen purification is an ongoing area of research which can help to generate hydrogen for use in hydrogen fuel cells, hence reducing the dependence on fossil fuels which pollute the environment. © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Item A review on RO membrane technology: Developments and challenges(Elsevier B.V., 2015) Shenvi, S.S.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.Reverse osmosis (RO) based desalination is one of the most important and widely recognized technologies for production of fresh water from saline water. Since its conception and initiation, a significant development has been witnessed in this technology w.r.t. materials, synthesis techniques, modification and modules over the last few decades. The working of a RO plant inclusive of the pretreatment and post-treatment procedures has been briefly discussed in the article. The main objective of this review is to highlight the historical milestones achieved in RO technology in terms of membrane performance, the developments seen over the last few years and the challenges perceived. The material properties of the membrane dominate the performance of a RO process. The emergence of nano-technology and biomimetic RO membranes as the futuristic tools is capable of revolutionizing the entire RO process. Hence the development of nano-structured membranes involving thin film nano-composite membranes, carbon-nanotube membranes and aquaporin-based membranes has been focussed in detail. The problems associated with a RO process such as scaling, brine disposal and boron removal are briefed and the measures adopted to address the same have been discussed. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.