Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/19884
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Item Innovation and challenges of blockchain in banking: A scientometric view(Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 2020) Arjun, R.; Suprabha, K.R.Blockchain has been gaining focus in research and development for diverse industries in recent years. Nevertheless, innovations that impact to the banking nurture a potential for disruptive impact globally for economic reasons; however it has received less scholarly attention. Hence the effect of blockchain technologies on banking industry is systematically reviewed. The relevant literature is extracted from Scopus, Web of Science and bibliometric techniques are applied. While a bulk of earlier papers focuses only on bit coins, a broader framework is envisaged that synthesizes interdisciplinary thematic areas for advancement; hence novelty in current work. A few practical and theoretical implications for stakeholders in view of technology, law and management are discussed. © 2020, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja. All rights reserved.Item Scalability improvement and analysis of permissioned-blockchain(Korean Institute of Communication Sciences, 2021) Swathi, P.; Venkatesan, M.Through the Bitcoin application, the innovative technology was miraculously launched in the markets, influencing numerous industries. Bitcoin is nothing but a form of digital currency (cryptocurrency) that can be used for trading in place of fiat money, where the underlying infrastructure is called Blockchain. The Blockchain is an open ledger that provides decentralization, transparency, immutability, and confidentiality. Blockchain can be used in massive, beneficial applications such as healthcare, logistics, supply chain management, the Internet of Things (IoT), etc. Most of the industrial applications rely on the permissioned Blockchain. However, the permissioned Blockchain fails in some aspects, such as scalability and throughput. This paper suggests a system to solve the scalability issue of permissioned Blockchain by incorporating data science techniques. The scalability analysis of the proposed solution is done in the hyperledger fabric framework with a variable number of transactions and results in scalability improvement. © 2021 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences (KICS)Item Blockchain based secure Ownership Transfer Protocol for smart objects in the Internet of Things(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Manjappa, M.; Ray, B.; Hassan, J.; Kashyap, A.; Chandrappa, V.Y.Secure digital ownership transfer is critical for smart objects within the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. This paper presents the Ownership Transfer Protocol (OTP), which leverages Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) and blockchain technology to ensure the secure transfer of ownership for smart objects in the IoT. The proposed protocol can securely track and trace smart objects during their movement in the IoT supply chain. Unlike the traditional Ownership Transfer (OT) architecture, the proposed architecture does not require a Trusted Third Party (TTP) and can support Partial Ownership Transfer (POT). The innovative use of immutable blockchain architecture enabled the proposed protocol to effectively support distributed environments and authenticate both the device and involved parties. The proposed protocol is evaluated for its robustness against common attacks outlined in this paper and implemented using the Ethereum blockchain. The testbed results on Ethereum confirm the optimal gas consumption of the proposed model. Furthermore, utilizing the security claim verification tool, Scyther, the experiment validates the security claim regarding the communication between the parties involved in the proposed protocol's OT process. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Item Private and Consortium Blockchain-based Authentication Protocol for IoT Devices Using PUF(Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences, 2024) Cunha, T.B.D.; Manjappa, K.In this work, a static random access memory-physical unclonable function (SRAM-PUF) based device security framework is proposed which uses the trending blockchain technology for securing the device credentials. The proposed framework produces a unique fingerprint called PUF key for each device based on its hardware characteristics which will act as an authenticating parameter for the devices during the authentication and re-authentication phase. The proposed work uses both consortium and private blockchains for storing device credentials and authentication, unlike the current trend of using either a secured database or only a public blockchain. The consortium blockchain is used for first-time authentication, while the private blockchain is used for repeated authentication which saves the time incurred in accessing the consortium blockchain during repeated authentication. The proposed protocol also includes mutual authentication between the entities involved and thus provides dual security (device authentication and mutual authentication) to the proposed protocol making the system more secure and robust against attacks. Security analysis of the proposed protocol is done using the Scyther tool and the protocol is also theoretically proven to be stable under various attacks using threat analysis and the real-or-random model (ROR). The performance analysis of the protocol is done by analyzing the computation and communication cost of the proposed protocol against other state-of-the-art protocols. Further, the proposed protocol is also evaluated in the blockchain testbed which includes Raspberry PI and Arduino components. The results conveyed that the introduction of a private blockchain reduces the time incurred in the device re-authentication. © 2024 KICS.Item A Hybrid CNN–LSTM Model for Transaction Fee Forecasting in Post EIP-1559 Ethereum(Springer, 2024) Kallurkar, H.S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Over the past decade, cryptocurrencies have experienced a significant surge in popularity. Several factors have contributed to their rise. First, the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, enabled by blockchain technology, has appealed to individuals seeking financial autonomy and freedom from traditional banking systems. Additionally, the potential for substantial financial gains, as demonstrated by the surge in the value of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Cryptocurrency transactions require the sender to include a transaction fee before initiating. Concerning the Ethereum protocol, the transaction fee calculation before the London upgrade, i.e., Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIP-1559), led to delayed transaction confirmation and increased congestion in the Ethereum network. Ever since this upgrade, the transaction fee has become dynamic and user-friendly such that transactions get confirmed within a reasonable time. For such a scenario, the need of the hour for an effective forecasting technique can prove critical from the user’s point of view. After the EIP-1559 upgrade, there is a lack of literature that efficiently utilizes cryptocurrency transaction data’s time-series nature. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model to predict total transaction fees in post EIP-1559 Ethereum precisely. The proposed convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short term memory (LSTM) leverages the advantages of convolutional layers and is followed by effective learning of time-series dependencies between the data by LSTM layers. The experimentation and comparison with state-of-the-art suggest significant improvement when CNN–LSTM is leveraged for this type of forecasting. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.Item Physical unclonable functions and QKD-based authentication scheme for IoT devices using blockchain(Elsevier B.V., 2024) Cunha, T.B.D.; Manjappa, M.; Ranjan, R.; Vasilakos, A.V.As the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is increasing exponentially, strong security measures are needed to guard against different types of cyberattacks. This research offers a novel IoT device authentication technique to mitigate these challenges by integrating three cutting-edge technologies namely blockchain technology, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), and Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs). By utilizing the distinctive qualities of PUFs for device identification and the unrivaled security of QKD for key exchange, the proposed approach seeks to address the significant security issues present in IoT environments. Adopting blockchain technology ensures transparency and verifiability of the authentication process across distributed IoT networks by adding an unchangeable, decentralized layer of trust. An examination of the computing and communication costs reveals that the proposed protocol is effective, necessitating low computational resources that are critical for IoT devices with limited resources. The protocol's resistance against a variety of attacks is demonstrated by formal proofs based on the Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and security evaluations using the Scyther tool, ensuring the integrity and secrecy of communications. Various threats are analyzed, and the protocol is proven to be secure and efficient from all forms of attacks. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.Item Advancing Security and Scalability - A Protocol Extension for Dynamic Group Membership Management(AnaPub Publications, 2025) Renisha, P.S.; Rudra, B.The integration of Contributory Group Key Agreement (CGKA) for group formation revolutionizes the collaborative process of generating group keys, instilling trust and fostering collaboration among group members. By ensuring that each member actively contributes to the generation of the group key, CGKA distributes the responsibility of key generation across the group, thereby enhancing the security and resilience of the group's cryptographic infrastructure. Concurrently, the utilization of Lattice Diffie-Hellman (LDH) for key generation leverages the mathematical properties of lattices to securely derive shared secret keys. LDH offers a robust and efficient method for generating keys in cryptographic applications, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of communication channels. Furthermore, the incorporation of blockchain technology for implementing membership changes introduces a decentralized and transparent approach to managing group membership dynamics. By leveraging blockchain's distributed ledger technology and smart contracts, membership changes can be executed securely, transparently, and efficiently. This enhances the integrity and resilience of the group's membership management system, allowing for the secure addition and removal of members from the group while maintaining the integrity of the cryptographic infrastructure. Together, the integration of CGKA, LDH, and blockchain technology presents a comprehensive solution for advancing the security and scalability of dynamic group membership management protocols, offering a robust framework for secure and efficient communication in contemporary environments. Moreover, the proposed integration of CGKA, LDH, and blockchain technology facilitates seamless adaptation to dynamic changes in group membership, ensuring that security and scalability are maintained even as the composition of the group evolves. Through simulations and performance evaluations, the effectiveness of the integrated approach that is implemented in Python Software is demonstrated compared to existing protocols like Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH), RSA Key Exchange, and Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC). ©2025 The Authors.