Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/19884
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Item New Bit Pattern Based IPv6 Address Compression Techniques for 6LoWPAN Header Compression(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Geetha, V.; Bhat, A.; Thanmayee, S.Things in the world can be connected to the Internet through various technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 etc. Among all IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 looks promising for outdoor environments for connecting a very large number of resource constrained sensor nodes. 6LoWPAN is an adaptation layer to support IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 to overcome the challenge of the physical layer with respect to the limitation of 127 bytes of payload. 6LoWPAN supports header compression as one of its functions to reduce the number of bits in header by using compression techniques. Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) provides RuleID based header compression. This paper proposes further compression of address bits based on compressing leading zeros in IPv6 addresses. The proposed work is analysed with respect to Header compression HC1 of 6LoWPAN and SCHC techniques. The simulation results show compression of address bits are 10% to 40% more compared to traditional address compression of the 6LoWPAN address compression when continuous zeroes are present in the address. The compression of address bits provides sufficient space for sending data payload in one frame during communication. © 2013 IEEE.Item Location-Free Void Avoidance Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer, 2022) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The field of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) is one of the emerging areas of communication due to the number of marine applications. However, UASNs face several fundamental challenges like node movement, high propagation delay, low throughput, high bit-error-rate, low bandwidth, and void-node during communication. Void-node during routing is one of the major problems during routing, which causes high end-to-end delay to route the packets to the sink. The void-node is a fundamental challenge in UASNs and directly influences the UASNs in terms of the end-to-end delay, packet loss, and reliability of the UASNs. The main objective of this paper is to design a void-aware routing protocol referred to as Location-Free Void Avoidance Routing (LFVAR) protocol. It develops void-awareness among nodes in the UASNs and prevents forwarding of the packets to void and trap nodes. Further, LFVAR capable of selecting the efficient void-recovery path for the void-nodes present in the UASNs. Thus, it aims at reducing the end-to-end delay, lower energy consumption, higher packet delivery ratio, and increasing throughput during routing. The LFVAR protocol is implemented in UnetStack and further compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) protocol. The simulation result shows that the packets in LFVAR reach the sink 32.32 % faster, consumes 20.54 % lower energy, and 9.8 % higher packet delivery ratio than Intar. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.Item Hop-based void avoidance routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks(Inderscience Publishers, 2023) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.More than 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water. There is a need to explore the underwater in various applications like disaster detection, environmental monitoring, resource detection, etc. Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) are the prominent technology used in exploring underwater. UASNs faces challenges such as energy constraint on networks, increased routing complexity due to dynamic network topology, and void node results in increased complexity. The void node poses a major challenge in the routing of UASNs. A void node not being handled properly leads to a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR), higher end-to-end delay. This paper proposes a hop-based void avoidance routing (HVAR) protocol, which is a sender-based, void-avoidance routing protocol. HVAR efficiently distributes void node information in the networks and avoids data transmission to such nodes in the network. HVAR is implemented using UnetStack, and its performance is compared with the state-of-the-art Interference-aware routing (Intar) in terms of end-to-end delay, PDR, energy consumption, and throughput. © © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.Item Cluster-Based Multi-attribute Routing Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks(Springer, 2024) Nazareth, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks play a significant role in various underwater applications. There are several challenges in underwater communications like high bit-error-rate, low bandwidth, high energy consumption, void-node during routing, etc. Handling void-node during routing is a major challenge in underwater routing. There are well-known void-handling protocols like Energy-efficient Void-Aware Geographic Routing protocol, HydroCast, etc. However, these routing protocols require all neighboring nodes must be a part of the cluster which increases the overhead on clustering, or void-node has a part of the routing. This paper proposes an underwater routing protocol referred to as Cluster-based Multi-Attribute Routing (CMAR) to overcome these issues. It is a sender-based, opportunistic underwater routing protocol. CMAR uses the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution to evaluate the suitability of the neighboring nodes and the basis for clustering process initialization. Through MATLAB simulations, the performance of the CMAR is compared with HydroCast in terms of the number of nodes selected in the forwarding set, number of clusters formed, number of times void-node becomes part of routing and transmission reliability. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.Item IoT energy efficiency routing protocol using FHO-based clustering and improved CSO model-based routing in MANET(John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2024) Sanshi, S.; Karthik, N.; Vatambeti, R.Many protocols, services, and electrical devices with built-in sensors have been developed in response to the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) consist of a collection of autonomous mobile nodes that can form an ad hoc network in the absence of any pre-existing infrastructure. System performance may suffer due to the changeable topology of MANETs. Since most mobile hosts operate on limited battery power, energy consumption poses the biggest challenge for MANETs. Both network lifetime and throughput improve when energy usage is reduced. However, existing approaches perform poorly in terms of energy efficiency. Scalability becomes a significant issue in large-scale networks as they grow, leading to overhead associated with routing updates and maintenance that can become unmanageable. This article employs a MANET routing protocol combined with an energy conservation strategy. The clustering hierarchy is used in MANETs to maximize the network's lifespan, considering its limited energy resources. In the MANET communication process, the cluster head (CH) is selected using Fire Hawk Optimization (FHO). When choosing nodes to act as a cluster for an extended period, CH election factors in connectivity, mobility, and remaining energy. This process is achieved using an optimized version of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol, utilizing Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICSO). In comparison to existing protocols and optimization techniques, the proposed method offers an extended network lifespan ranging from 90 to 160 h and reduced energy consumption of 80 to 110 J, as indicated by the implementation results. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Item EWRPL: entropy-based weighted RPL(Springer, 2025) Kamble, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices communicating through the internet. Routing is a crucial aspect of IoT for effective communication between devices since intermediate nodes collect and transmit sensor data for processing. IoT networks face limitations like poor connectivity, and devices are constrained in power, bandwidth, and memory. The Internet Engineering Task Force developed the Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) to address these issues. In RPL, a Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph (DODAG) is formed to start the data transfer. Rank is computed using routing metrics and an objective function during DODAG formation. The paper studies the approaches developed for rank calculation and proposes a new technique called the Entropy-based Weighted approach for RPL (EWRPL). The proposed approach combines the routing metrics and computes the rank for parent selection. In EWRPL, we have assigned weights to the routing metrics using the entropy method. The proposed approach considers four routing metrics-hop count, ETX, delay, and energy. The EWRPL approach was experimented with using the Cooja simulator and Contiki-OS. The study indicates that utilizing the EWRPL approach results in a higher Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), lower latency, and reduced control message overhead compared to the two standard objective functions and the state-of-the-art equal weight approach. The technique can be used in various domains, such as home automation, healthcare, and industrial usage. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.