Journal Articles
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Item A review on recent advances in microchannel heat sink configurations(Bentham Science Publishers, 2018) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.A qualitative observation has been undergone to review the various geometries of a microchannel that has been reported for the last two decades in literature majorly for the application of high power devices. Recent research on microchannel is more focused on numerical and experimental work with various configurations of the heat sink. In this paper, a comparative work on different flow geometries used in the microchannel and their influence on heat transfer and pressure drop is investigated with the brief representation of different working fluids used in microchannel heat sink for the purpose of electronic cooling and their associated performance characteristics with various examined parameters. Background: The microchannel cooling is an established cooling technique for high power electronic components which effectively enhances the performance of the high power devices. Objective: This article presents a general overview of microchannels with novel constructional bifurcations structures with related patents. Further, the influential parameter on thermal and flow characteristics with greater depth is also reviewed by authors. Methods: This review directs by presenting standard and benchmark investigation in the microchannel and different working parameters continued with recent studies. Further, it is addressed with the application of electronic cooling with latest patents using bifurcations and fractal microchannels. Result: The current situation of 3D cooling requires a robust cooling system to accommodate increased heat flux without compromising the packaging. Moreover, the recently developed patents also evolved with improved thermal load handling under constrained packaging. Conclusion: The advanced microchannel cooling with an optimized fluid handling system with effective packaging results in a highly effective heat dissipation system. © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers.Item Experimental analysis on exergy studies of flow through a minichannel using Tio2/Water nanofluids(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Narendran, G.; Bhat, M.M.; Akshay, L.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.The present study involves an experimental investigation on rectangular minichannel heat sink for processor cooling of a workstation. The thermal dissipation power of the corresponding system is 25 W. The heat sink is directly in contact to the processor core and subjected to continuous increase in heat flux to the sink depending on the system loading. Water and TiO2 nanofluid with volume fraction of 0.10%, 0.15%, 0.21% and 0.25% is used as the cooling fluid in the experiments with different volume flow rates with a pulsating pump in the range of 210–400 ml/min respectively. The observations were performed with the sink in both horizontal and vertical position in which heat sink is allowed to reach two different temperature limits of 40 °C and 55 °C above which it is subjected to cooling. The Increase in minichannel efficiency was noticed when flowrate increased from 210 ml/min to 280 ml/min with an increment of 53%, but it started to reduce when flow rate approaches 360 ml/min. The outlet exergy and pumping power increases as the flow rate increases to a limit. Furthermore, decrease in efficiency was noticed beyond flow rate of 360 ml/min and the highest outlet exergy was found at a flow rate of 360 ml/min for about 147.52 W. Additionally, exergy analysis is performed for pure fluid under different flow conditions were examined. Further the effect of nanofluid on pressure drop subjected to pulsating flow for varying volume concentrations is also presented. © 2018 Elsevier LtdItem A review of lattice boltzmann method computational domains for micro-and nanoregime applications(Begell House Inc., 2020) Narendran, G.; Arumuga Perumal, A.P.; Gnanasekaran, N.In the last two decades, microscale and nanoscale devices have received much interest due to the inevitable performance and their numerous applications not only in the field of fluid flow and heat transfer but also in bio-technology, bio-medical engineering, etc. In many situations, besides the conventional experiments and theoretical analysis, computations have emerged as a valuable tool for investigating the fluid transport and heat transfer phenomena. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has emerged as an important option for micro-and nanoscale devices due to the fact that the LBM is well established for the range of Knudsen number. A comparative study on several working fluids used in the field of micro-and nanodevices such as microchannel, micro-cavity, microboiling, and nanochannel is categorized. Various aspects of nanofluids used in natural convection with different cavity configurations, flow boiling, immiscible fluids, liquid–vapor phase change are also critically reviewed. Different remarks and findings of available numerical results with several investigated parameters were summarized. © 2020 Begell House, Inc.Item Thermodynamic irreversibility and conjugate effects of integrated microchannel cooling device using TiO2 nanofluid(Springer, 2020) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, A.P.Thermal management is highly essential for the latest electronic devices to effectively dissipate heat in a densely packed environment. Usually, these high power devices are cooled by integrating micro scale cooling systems. Most of the works reported in the literature majorly concentrate on microchannel heat sink in which the characteristics of friction factor and enhancement of heat transfer are analyzed in detail. However, due to the advent of compact electronic devices a crucial investigation is required to facilitate an amicable environment for the neighboring components so as to improve the reliability of the electronic devices. Henceforth, in the present study a combined experimental and numerical analysis is performed to provide an insight to determine the performance of a copper microchannel integrated with aluminium block using TiO2 nanofluid for different particle configurations. Needless to say, the present study, which also focuses on entropy generation usually attributed to the thermodynamic irreversibility, is very much significant to design an optimum operating condition for better reliability and performance of the cooling devices. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Item Experimental Investigation on Heat Spreader Integrated Microchannel Using Graphene Oxide Nanofluid(Taylor and Francis Ltd. michael.wagreich@univie.ac.at, 2020) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.Thermal design consideration is highly essential for efficient heat dissipation in advanced microprocessors which are subjected to conjugate heat transfer under high heat flux with a minimal area for cooling. Generally, these multicore processors develop a localized high density heat flux referred to as hotspot. The effective use of microchannel in order to mitigate the hotspot is found in literature; however, the flow induced hotspot still exist due to maldistribution of flow inside the microchannel. Henceforth, the present study provides an experimental insight on laminar forced convection in a parallel microchannel heat sink accompanied with 1.2 mm thin copper heat spreader with a surface area of 30 mm2 to effectively migrate the maldistribution flow induced hot spot. The present experimental study provides a profound insight about the hotspot and migration of hotspot to safe zones; as a result, not only the performance of the multi core microprocessor is highly improved but also the reliability of neighboring components is well secured. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Item Investigation on novel inertial minichannel to mitigate maldistribution induced high temperature zones(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, G.Axial conduction in channels depends on inlet velocity and thermal conductivity of the working fluid. In the case of parallel channels, axial conduction depends on heat sink configuration and inlet velocity. That at increased flow rates, the parallel channel generates flow maldistribution and develops localized high temperature zones in the heat sink. Effective use of heat sink configuration to mitigate axial conduction is found in the literature; however, the axial conduction effects are not suppressed in the parallel channels. Henceforth, the present study provides experimental and numerical insight to evaluate the potential of ribs and inertial based spillway channels to overcome the above mentioned problems in parallel channels. Especially, four different heat sink concepts were designed using copper material; normal channel, ribbed channel, ribbed inclined, and ribbed lifted. In which normal channel is experimented with and used as a reference, while the remaining channel types were investigated numerically. The factors such as maldistribution, thermal resistance, and pressure drop are considered to evaluate the impact of the ribs on inlet velocity. The ribbed inclined channel was found to perform better than other types and developed a 33 % lower center channel velocity than the normal channel. The temperature near the exit of the ribbed inclined channel was observed to be more even and the entire width of the minichannel was maintained at 47 °C, this trend was not noticed using other configurations. © 2022 Elsevier LtdItem EFFECTS OF NANOREFRIGERANTS FOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM: A REVIEW(Begell House Inc., 2023) Kumar, A.; Narendran, G.; Arumuga Perumal, A.P.In this article various nanorefrigerants have been critically reviewed towards the performance enhancement of the refrigeration system. Research has been more focused on the different techniques to prepare nanorefrigerants. This paper is an attempt to summarize all aspects of nanorefrigerants such as preparation, thermophysical properties, hydrodynamic study, boiling heat transfer, and performance of nanorefrigerants. It also discusses the effects of different nanoparticles on ther-mophysical properties. Nanorefrigerants are a special category of nanofluid, advanced nanotech-nology-based refrigerants that are stable mixtures of nanoparticles and base fluid, which improve thermophysical properties such as heat transfer and pressure drop and bring compactness to the system. This article presents an overview of improving thermal performance by using different nanoparticle blends with different base refrigerants. Further, influential parameters of nanopar-ticles and thermal performance are discussed. This paper also discusses the effects of different nanoparticles such as Al2O3, TiO2, CuO, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc., on thermophysical prop-erties. The present situation requires a robust system and refrigerants for required performance. Some refrigerants cannot be used directly. So, this paper deals with using nanorefrigerants for better system performance such as coefficient of performance (COP) enhancement, compressor work reduction, and energy efficiency. It is seen that the use of nanorefrigerants, or nanotechnology-based refrigerants, results in highly effective cooling and thus enhances the thermophysical properties of refrigeration systems. © 2023 by Begell House, Inc. www.begellhouse.com.Item Integrated microchannel cooling for densely packed electronic components using vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5)-xerogel nanoplatelets-based nanofluids(Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2023) Narendran, G.; Gnanasekaran, N.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.; Moolayadukkam, M.; Nagaraja, H.S.The present study reports the implementation of novel nanoplatelets-based vanadium pent oxide (V2O5)-xerogel for the application of conjugate cooling in densely packed electronic devices. An integrated heat sink is made up of copper with a channel width of 490 µm and is shrink-fitted into aluminium block that acts as a heat spreader. V2O5-xerogel is synthesized by melt quenching process and characterized based on field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction to analyse the surface morphology of the particles. Studies related to the stability of the nanofluids for different concentrations are discussed in this paper. Furthermore, a study on the effect of pulsating flow in microchannel is performed for different flow rates. As a result, a maximum enhancement of 17% in heat transfer coefficient was observed for the concentration of 0.4 mass% with a flow rate of 200 mL min-1 compared to a pure fluid. Finally, the results reveal that the xerogel is a potential working fluid for heat transfer applications involving microscale devices. © 2023, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary.Item Experimental Demonstration of Compact Polymer Mass Transfer Device Manufactured by Additive Manufacturing with Hydrogel Integration to Bio-Mimic the Liver Functions(MDPI, 2023) Narendran, G.; Walunj, A.; Kumar, A.M.; Jeyachandran, P.; Awwad, N.S.; Ibrahium, H.A.; Gorji, M.R.; Arumuga Perumal, D.A.In this paper, we designed and demonstrated a stimuli-responsive hydrogel that mimics the mass diffusion function of the liver. We have controlled the release mechanism using temperature and pH variations. Additive manufacturing technology was used to fabricate the device with nylon (PA-12), using selective laser sintering (SLS). The device has two compartment sections: the lower section handles the thermal management, and feeds temperature-regulated water into the mass transfer section of the upper compartment. The upper chamber has a two-layered serpentine concentric tube; the inner tube carries the temperature-regulated water to the hydrogel using the given pores. Here, the hydrogel is present in order to facilitate the release of the loaded methylene blue (MB) into the fluid. By adjusting the fluid’s pH, flow rate, and temperature, the deswelling properties of the hydrogel were examined. The weight of the hydrogel was maximum at 10 mL/min and decreased by 25.29% to 10.12 g for the flow rate of 50 mL/min. The cumulative MB release at 30 °C increased to 47% for the lower flow rate of 10 mL/min, and the cumulative release at 40 °C climbed to 55%, which is 44.7% more than at 30 °C. The MB release rates considerably increased when the pH dropped from 12 to 8, showing that the lower pH had a major impact on the release of MB from the hydrogel. Only 19% of the MB was released at pH 12 after 50 min, and after that, the release rate remained nearly constant. At higher fluid temperatures, the hydrogels lost approximately 80% of their water in just 20 min, compared to a loss of 50% of their water at room temperature. The outcomes of this study may contribute to further developments in artificial organ design. © 2023 by the authors.Item Experimental investigation on additive manufactured single and curved double layered microchannel heat sink with nanofluids(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Narendran, G.; Mallikarjuna, B.; Nagesha, B.K.; Gnanasekaran, N.For the latest high density compact devices, thermal management is crucial for their effective heat dissipation and system reliability. In literature, microchannel heat sink has been established as one of the advanced heat transfer techniques to fulfill the cooling demands of high power electronic applications. However, maldistribution in microchannels causes flow induced high temperature zones (FITZ) which reduces the electrical performance owing to electrical-thermal instability of the integrated chips. One way to mitigate the FITZ is by allowing more coolant inlets in these zones. In the current study, this is achieved by redesigning double layer microchannel heat sink (DMCHS) specific to the FITZ of I-type microchannel configuration using additive manufacturing (AM). Two AM microchannels were tested, one is a single layer microchannel heat sink (MCHS) and another one is a curved double layer microchannel (C-DMCHS). The curved channels were introduced in the bottom channels of C-DMCHS to mitigate FITZ compared to conventional DMCHS. AM microchannels are compared for Nusselt number and friction factor characteristics with the conventional straight channels, and heat treated AM microchannels. From experimental observation, Ti64 3D printed microchannel with Graphene oxide (GO-0.12%) nanofluid developed 75.4% more pressure drop than the Ti64 heat treated microchannel. The results additionally show that the C-DMCHS delivered 26.5% lower FITZ temperature than MCHS. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.