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Item Sustainable treatment of paint industry wastewater: Current techniques and challenges(Academic Press, 2021) Nair K, S.; Manu, B.; Azhoni, A.Paint manufacturing industries produce wastewater containing high chemical oxygen demand and turbidity, besides organic matter, suspended solids, and heavy metals that cause enormous environmental damages. Safely treating this wastewater before being disposed to the natural water sources is essential for attaining the UN SDGs, particularly Goal 14: Life under water. Besides being efficient, wastewater treatment techniques must be sustainable – environmentally, economically, and ethically. While a few papers have reviewed specific treatment methods for certain pollutants, such as heavy metals, oils, and azo dyes from industrial wastewater, a comprehensive review of various treatment methods for all the pollutants of a particular industrial wastewater – paint industry – is lacking. This paper reviews the current treatment methods used for treating paint industry wastewater including the physicochemical, biological, and chemical treatment techniques. The physicochemical techniques produce large amount of sludge making it difficult for disposal while biological treatment techniques are difficult to maintain because of the uncertainties in the chemical compositions of the paint wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes are emerging as preferred methods among the chemical methods for reducing the toxicity of the various components of the paint wastewater with reduced sludge quantity. The review of various emerging techniques of paint industry wastewater treatments in this paper points to the need for paying greater attention to combining the oxidation and biological processes as they are emerging as sustainable methods for effective reduction of toxicity in paint wastewater while also reducing the sludge management challenges. © 2021 Elsevier LtdItem Degradation of paracetamol in aqueous solution by Fenton Oxidation and photo-Fenton Oxidation processes using iron from Laterite soil as catalyst(2011) Manu, B.; MahamoodFor the treatment of paracetamol in water, the photo-Fenton Oxidation process and Classic Fenton oxidation process have been demonstrated and found effective. An iron catalyst extracted from lateritic soil is used to exhibit the degradation and mineralization of paracetamol. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by Fenton process. the optimum conditions observed for 10 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration are influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 30 mg/L, [paracetamol]/[H 2O 2] ratio 1:3 (w/w) and [H 2O 2] / [Laterite iron] ratio 30:0.75 (w/w). At the optimum conditions, for 10 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 76% paracetamol reduction and 69% COD removal by Fenton oxidation and 79% paracetamol reduction and 77% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in 120 minutes reaction time. At the above optimum conditions, HPLC analysis has demonstrated 100% removal of paracetamol for Fenton oxidation process in 240 minutes and for UV-C photo- Fenton process in 120 minutes. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © 2011 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.Item Enhanced degradation of paracetamol by UV-C supported photo-Fenton process over Fenton oxidation(2011) Manu, B.; Mahamood, S.For the treatment of paracetamol in water, the UV-C Fenton oxidation process and classic Fenton oxidation have been found to be the most effective. Paracetamol reduction and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal are measured as the objective functions to be maximized. The experimental conditions of the degradation of paracetamol are optimized by the Fenton process. Influent pH 3, initial H 2O 2 dosage 60 mg/L, [H 2O 2]/[Fe 2+] ratio 60 : 1 are the optimum conditions observed for 20 mg/L initial paracetamol concentration. At the optimum conditions, for 20 mg/L of initial paracetamol concentration, 82% paracetamol reduction and 68% COD removal by Fenton oxidation, and 91% paracetamol reduction and 82% COD removal by UV-C Fenton process are observed in a 120 min reaction time. By HPLC analysis, 100% removal of paracetamol is observed at the above optimum conditions for the Fenton process in 240 min and for the UV-C photo-Fenton process in 120 min. The methods are effective and they may be used in the paracetamol industry. © IWA Publishing 2011.Item Reuse of incinerated textile mill sludge as adsorbent for dye removal(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2015) Jahagirdar, S.S.; Shrihari, S.; Manu, B.Textile industry is one of the largest and oldest industries in India. Textile mill uses large quantities of water for its variety of wet processes, which in turn generates a large amount of waste water. Effluent treatment plants treat textile mill waste water using a variety of chemical coagulants thus producing greater amount sludge. Disposal of sludge is a challenging problem. In this study Textile mill sludge was incinerated at 800°C and used as an adsorbent without any activation. SEM images confirmed that, sludge ash was porous in nature and could be used as an adsorbent. For the entire study, Remazol blue dye was used. Experimental studies were carried out in an acidic pH range, showed good dye removal by using incinerated textile mill sludge ash. Experimental results obtained fitted well in Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. © 2015, Korean Society of Civil Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.Item Fuzzy system modeling for forecasting water quality index in municipal distribution system(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Patki, V.K.; Shrihari, S.; Manu, B.; Deka, P.C.An attempt has been made to develop a fuzzy expert system capable of establishing a criterion for predicting water quality index (WQI) in the various zones of municipal distribution system using pH, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen (DO), total solids (TS) and most probable number (MPN). The proposed expert system includes a fuzzy model consisting of IF-THEN rules to determine WQI based on water quality characteristics. The fuzzy models are developed using triangular and trapezoidal membership functions, with centroid, bisector and mean of maxima (MOM) methods for defuzzification. Further, the performance of fuzzy models is compared with adaptive neuro fuzzy inference (ANFIS) models. ANFIS models are developed by using triangular, trapezoidal, bell and Gaussian membership function. The study reveals that fuzzy models outperform ANFIS models for all water quality classes. Out of twenty nine zones in the study area, for twenty two zones fuzzy model with triangular membership function performs better than trapezoidal membership function and, for sixteen zones, the centroid method, for seven zones bisector and for remaining six zones MOM method of defuzzification performs better. © 2013, © 2013 Taylor & Francis.Item Low cost Fenton's oxidative degradation of 4-nitroaniline using iron from laterite(IWA Publishing 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, 2016) Amritha, A.S.; Manu, B.The present study aims to establish the use of iron (Fe) from larerite in the case of Fenton's oxidation process which is a simple and cost-effective method for degradation of nitro compounds in effluents and in surface or ground water. 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) degradation by Fenton's oxidation method is the subject of the present study so as to optimize pH, hydrogen peroxide/iron (H/F) ratio at different initial concentrations of 4-NA. The optimum pH obtained was 3. The present study has also established optimum H/F ratio for the different initial concentrations of 4-NA for both conventional and use of Fe from laterite. The maximum removal efficiency of 99.84% was obtained for an H/F ratio of 100 for 0.5 mM initial concentration of 4-NA. The study establishes the use of Fe extracted from locally available laterite soil (LS) as a replacement of Fe salts so as to reduce the cost of the process. © 2016 IWA Publishing.Item Fenton's treatment of actual agriculture runoff water containing herbicides(IWA Publishing 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.This research was to study the efficiency of the Fenton's treatment process for the removal of three herbicides, namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), ametryn and dicamba from the sugarcane field runoff water. The treatment process was designed with the Taguchi approach by varying the four factors such as H 2 O 2 /COD (1-3.5), H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ (5-50), pH (2-5) and reaction time (30-240 min) as independent variables. Influence of these parameters on chemical oxygen demand (COD), ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies (dependent variables) were investigated by performing signal to noise ratio and other statistical analysis. The optimum conditions were found to be H 2 O 2 /COD: 2.125, H 2 O 2 /Fe 2+ : 27.5, pH: 3.5 and reaction time of 135 min for removal efficiencies of 100% for ametryn, 95.42% for dicamba, 88.2% for 2,4-D and with 75% of overall COD removal efficiencies. However, the percentage contribution of H 2 O 2 /COD ratio was observed to be significant among all four independent variables and were 44.16%, 67.57%, 51.85% and 50.66% for %COD, ametryn, dicamba and 2,4-D removal efficiencies, respectively. The maximum removal of herbicides was observed with the H 2 O 2 dosage of 5.44 mM and Fe 2+ dosage of 0.12 mM at pH 3.5. © IWA Publishing 2017 W.Item Synthesis of Green Iron Nanoparticles using Laterite and their application as a Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation of herbicide Ametryn in water(Elsevier B.V., 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.The Fe nanoparticles were synthesized using eucalyptus leaf extracts. The low cost and locally available laterite was used as a source of iron rather than using iron salts (Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride etc.). The raw laterite particles (RLPs) and synthesized green iron nanoparticles (LGFeNPs) were characterized using FESEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR and BET techniques. The obtained results confirm that 20–70 nm of spherical iron particles were formed with surface area of 36.62m2?g. Later, the LGFeNPs were applied as a Fenton-like catalyst for the degradation ametryn in aqueous medium. The effect of variables (H2O2?COD (1–3.25), H2O2?Fe (2–10), pH (2–5) and reaction time (30–240)) involved in the treatment process was studied on two responses (COD and ametryn removal efficiency) using the response surface methodology. The optimum values were found to be 2.125, 6, 3.5 and 135 min for H2O2?COD, H2O2?Fe, pH and reaction time respectively with H2O2 dosage of 17 mg/L and 2.83 mg/L of LGFeNPs. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results proved that, the obtained results were satisfactory with predicted values. Compared with chemical (NaBH4 reduction) and green synthesis using iron salts as a precursor, the laterite based green synthesis proved to be more effective in degradation of ametryn with faster reaction kinetics. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.Item Optimization of Fenton’s oxidation of herbicide dicamba in water using response surface methodology(Springer Verlag, 2017) Sangami, S.; Manu, B.In this study Fenton’s oxidation of dicamba in aqueous medium was investigated by using the response surface methodology. The influence of H2O2/COD (A), H2O2/Fe2+ (B), pH (C) and reaction time (D) as independent variables were studied on two responses (COD and dicamba removal efficiency). The dosage of H2O2 (5.35–17.4 mM) and Fe2+ (0.09–2.13 mM) were varied and optimum percentage removal of dicamba of 84.01% with H2O2 and Fe2+ dosage of 11.38 and 0.33 mM respectively. The whole oxidation process was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) along with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). It was found that 82% of dicamba was mineralized to oxalic acid, chloride ion, CO2 and H2O, which was confirmed with COD removal of 81.53%. The regression analysis was performed, in which standard deviation (<4%), coefficient of variation (<8), F value (Fisher’s Test) (>2.74), coefficient of correlation (R2 = Radj2) and adequate precision (>12) were in good agreement with model values. Finally, the treatment process was validated by performing the additional experiments. © 2017, The Author(s).Item Adsorption mechanism of emerging and conventional phenolic compounds on graphene oxide nanoflakes in water(Elsevier B.V., 2018) Catherine, H.N.; Ou, M.-H.; Manu, B.; Shih, Y.-H.Emerging contaminants (ECs) such as bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) have gained immense attention worldwide due to their potential threat to humans and environment. Graphene oxide (GO) nanomaterial is considered as an important sorbent due to its exceptional range of environmental application owing to its unique properties. GO was also considered as one of ECs because of its potential hazard. The adsorption of organic contaminants such as phenolic ECs on GO affects the stability of GO nanoflakes in water and the fate of organic contaminants, which would cause further environmental risk. Therefore, the adsorption behaviors of emerging and common phenolic compounds (PCs) including phenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 4-NP, BPA and TBBPA on GO nanoflakes and their stability in water were studied. The adsorption equilibrium for all the compounds was reached <10 h and was fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. In addition to hydrophobic effect, adsorption mechanisms included ?-? bonding and hydrogen bonding interactions between the adsorbate and GO, especially the electrostatic interactions were observed. Phenol has the highest adsorption affinity due to the formation of hydrogen bond. GO has a good stability in water even after the adsorption of PCs in the presence of a common electrolyte, which could affect its transport with organic contaminants in the environment. These better understandings illustrate the mechanism of emerging and common PC interaction with GO nanoflakes and facilitate the prediction of the contaminant fate in the aquatic environment. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.