Journal Articles
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Item A systematic review of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems: Integrating socio-technical, remote sensing, and AI-driven approaches for a climate-resilient future(University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, 2025) Rajaput, M.; Ramadasa, A.; Dodamani, B.M.This systematic review investigates the evolution of performance assessment in canal irrigation systems globally, drawing evidence from Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, it synthesized 98 peer-reviewed studies and key organizational reports published between 1990 and 2025, primarily from Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis reveals a clear methodological progression from direct measurements to remote sensing (RS) and agro-hydrological modeling, with Artificial Intelligence (AI) now evidenced as an applied tool in some assessments, not merely a prospect. A critical insight, however, is that despite these technical advancements, persistent underperformance is primarily rooted in deep-seated non-technical (financial, institutional, social) barriers. The current review highlights a significant gap: the absence of a unified framework systematically integrating these technical and socio-institutional dimensions with forward-looking climate resilience. Our primary contribution is a novel, integrated socio-technical assessment framework designed to bridge this divide. Distinct from previous reviews, the proposed framework explicitly combines the methodological triad, comprehensive socio-institutional analysis, quantifiable climate resilience metrics, and mechanisms to ensure social equity in AI-driven management. This adaptable, multi-scale diagnostic tool offers an actionable blueprint, applicable from local canal management to national policy levels, that accounts for diverse regional data limitations. By enabling more effective problem diagnosis and intervention design, the proposed framework provides significant analytical value and actionable lessons for enhancing the productivity, equity, and climate resilience of canal irrigation systems, thereby directly advancing Sustainable Development Goals 2 and 6. © Author(s).Item Preparation and characterization of novel PSf/PVP/PANI-nanofiber nanocomposite hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes and their possible applications for hazardous dye rejection(Elsevier, 2015) Kajekar, A.J.; Dodamani, B.M.; Isloor, A.M.; Zulhairun, A.K.; Cheer, N.B.; A.F., A.F.; Shilton, S.J.In the present study, PANI (polyaniline)-nanofibers were synthesized by interfacial polymerization technique, dispersed in n-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent and blended with PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)/PSf (Polysulfone) for preparing the novel hollow fiber membrane by dry-wet spinning technique. The newly prepared nanocomposite ultrafiltration hollow fiber membrane is characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Contact Angle, Zeta Potential and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). Filtration studies are conducted to measure the membrane pure water flux (PWF), rejection of hazardous dye (Reactive Red 120) and fouling resistance. The maximum rejections are obtained for M 0.5 membrane with 99.25% rejection of RR120 hazardous dye at 2. bar pressure. The pure water flux, percentage rejection, antifouling property and thermal resistance increased with an increase in PANI-nanofiber concentration. The contact angle of the membrane decreased with increasing PANI-nanofiber concentration, which indicated increased hydrophilicity of the new membranes. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.Item Spatial and temporal drought analysis in the krishna river basin of Maharashtra, India(Cogent OA info@CogentOA.com, 2016) Mahajan, D.R.; Dodamani, B.M.Droughts can be distinguished by three vital characteristics—spatial coverage, intensity, and duration. The objective of the present study was to study the temporal and spatial variation of drought incidences by using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Percent of Normal Precipitation (PNP) at multiple time scales; computed using monthly precipitation data (1960-2012) in the study area of 59 rain gauge stations. Drought climatology based on these drought indices (PNP and SPI) has been studied for finding out their suitability for drought monitoring over Krishna basin in Maharashtra. Study results indicate that at dry and wet conditions, the SPI performs better than PNP in monitoring drought at multiple time scales. However, SPI-1 fails to recognize drought conditions in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon months. The spatially interpolated droughts maps are prepared which displays the variation of drought severity across the study area. The ranking of stations has been done as per drought severity to identify severely drought prone areas. © 2016 The Author(s).Item Spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols over the Indian subcontinent and its dependence on prevailing meteorological conditions(Springer Netherlands rbk@louisiana.edu, 2019) Nizar, S.; Dodamani, B.M.The prevailing meteorological conditions that influence the advection and diffusion of the atmosphere govern the distribution of atmospheric particles from its sources. The present study explores the spatiotemporal distribution of atmospheric aerosols over the Indian subcontinent (5°–40° N, 65°–100° E) and its dependence on the prevailing meteorological conditions. Eleven years (2002–2012) of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) along with meteorological parameters extracted from reanalysis data are analysed at monthly timescales. Wind speed, wind divergence and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) are studied as parameters for advection and diffusion of atmospheric aerosols. The result shows higher aerosol loading during the monsoon season with increased spatial variability. Wind speed and divergence correlate with AOD values both over land (R = 0.75) and ocean (R = 0.82) with increased aerosol loading at higher wind speeds, which are converging in nature. Owing to the varied climatology of the Indian subcontinent, land and ocean areas were classified into subregions. Analysis was carried out over these subregions to infer the influence of meteorological conditions on aerosol loading. Results are indicative of a distinct characteristic in the prevailing meteorological conditions that influence the distribution of certain aerosol types. Further, the PBLH was analysed as an indicator of atmospheric diffusion to infer its importance in aerosol distribution. The results indicate that PBLH explains almost 30 to 90% of the total variance in AOD over the subregions which is particularly evident during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. © 2019, Springer Nature B.V.Item Trend Analysis of Groundwater Levels and Assessment of Regional Groundwater Drought: Ghataprabha River Basin, India(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2019) Pathak, A.A.; Dodamani, B.M.Groundwater drought is a relatively new concept, particularly in the Indian subcontinent, where groundwater levels are declining rapidly. The present study focuses on understanding the trends in groundwater levels and evaluates regional groundwater drought characteristics in the drought-prone Ghataprabha river basin, India. Cluster analysis was performed on the long-term monthly groundwater levels to classify the wells, and the Mann–Kendall test was accomplished to investigate the annual and seasonal groundwater-level trends. Standardized Groundwater level Index (SGI) was used to evaluate groundwater drought. Significant decreasing trends were observed in more than 61% of the wells in the study area with average decline of 0.21 m. Results of the SGI analysis showed that the wells of clusters 1 and 2 experienced recurrent droughts, which can be attributed to diminishing rainfall and over-exploitation of groundwater resources. The outcome of this study provides valuable information about the long-term behavior of regional groundwater levels which, in turn, helps to establish an operative groundwater management strategy for upcoming droughts. © 2018, International Association for Mathematical Geosciences.Item Satellite-based top-down Lagrangian approach to quantify aerosol emissions over California(John Wiley and Sons Ltd vgorayska@wiley.com Southern Gate Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, 2020) Nizar, S.; Dodamani, B.M.Accurate forecasting of air quality demands better estimates of aerosol emissions. The accuracy of conventional bottom-up approaches to estimate aerosol emissions depends on the degree to which various influencing parameters are estimated. The availability of satellite observations not only enhances the capability of determining various influencing parameters, but also provides alternate ways of assessing aerosol sources. The present study employs a Lagrangian approach to the Advection Diffusion Equation (ADE) to estimate the transported aerosols and hence the Aerosol Source Strength (ASS) using satellite-measured Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and reanalysis wind data. This top-down approach is based on the advection and diffusion of atmospheric aerosols considering wind circulation and atmospheric conditions rather than using indicative parameters. ASS was computed every 3 hr at a 0.25°×0.25° grid across California during July 2018. For the computation, AOD retrievals were obtained from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-16 with observations every 15 min. The data were resampled to the grid every 3 hr, and backward trajectories were run at every gridpoint to ascertain the initial aerosol concentration for the ADE. The final aerosol concentrations obtained from the ADE model were then compared with the observed AOD to obtain the ASS during that time period. The results are indicative of higher ASS around wildfire locations. The ASS values also show good correlation (R2=0.886) with Fire Radiative Power (FRP) obtained from Terra MODIS fire product. The method was further applied to investigate the spatial correlation of ASS with power plant density, which reveals a steady increase in ASS with power plant density (R2=0.82). © 2020 Royal Meteorological SocietyItem Trend analysis of rainfall, rainy days and drought: a case study of Ghataprabha River Basin, India(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2020) Pathak, A.A.; Dodamani, B.M.Drought is a recurring natural hazard, which has the potential to alter the ecological conditions of a region. A deficit in rainfall and a decrease in the number of rainy days induce the meteorological drought. The present study considered the nonparametric Mann–Kendall to investigate annual and seasonal rainfall (rainy-day) trend and meteorological drought trends over the Ghataprabha River Basin, India. A significant number of moderate and severe droughts were observed over the study period, and the eastern portion of the basin possessed the highest number of drought frequency (20–35 No.) in all the time scales of SPI. Results of trend analysis revealed that the stations having significant negative SPI trends are increasing with the SPI time scale, which could lead to the droughts of higher duration and severity. From the study, it was also noted that the negative trend of SPI was moving from the western portion of the basin to the eastern side, as the SPI time scale increases. Comparison between rainfall trend and rainy-day trend with SPI trend revealed high (ranging from 0.91 to 0.97) and moderate (0.67–0.7) correlation, respectively. This indicates that the rainfall trend will capture the SPI trends effectively. The findings of this work could be useful for a better understanding of regional drought trends and also establish effective water resources management policies over the basin. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Item Comparison of Meteorological Drought Indices for Different Climatic Regions of an Indian River Basin(Korean Meteorological Society komes@komes.or.kr, 2020) Pathak, A.A.; Dodamani, B.M.Droughts being a regional phenomenon has a vicious impact on agricultural production as well as on the socioeconomic status of an area. Meteorological drought is not only the result of rainfall deficit but also influenced by temperature in the form of evapotranspiration. There are several indices that could assess meteorological drought. Because of the complex phenomenon underling in the interaction between climatic, hydrological and ecological variables hampers to ascertain the suitability of a drought index to a particular region. The present work aims to compare different meteorological drought indices for a given climatic condition at the regional level. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were employed to study the variation of drought characteristics calculated from these indices. The study was implemented in the Ghataprabha river basin, which is one of the potential lands for agriculture in the basin of river Krishna. The study area possesses negative trends in rainfall and significant increasing trends in the temperature when tested with the Mann-Kendell trend test. Several drought events were observed through SPI, RDI, and SPEI over the basin. SPEI identified the highest number of drought events with high duration and severe intensity as compared to SPI and RDI. The alike performance was noticed between RDI and SPI whereas SPEI does not harmonize with them at any timescale of the study period. The study recommends to consider RDI and SPI in the humid (subhumid) region and SPEI at the semiarid (arid) region to assess the impact of drought effectively. The study also suggests to use an appropriate drought index for analysis of drought, which could lead to an adequate preparedness for the future drought hazards. © 2019, Korean Meteorological Society and Springer Nature B.V.Item Shoreline analysis using Landsat-8 satellite image(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Yadav, A.; Dodamani, B.M.; Dwarakish, G.S.The shoreline is a boundary between wet and dry part of the beach, and it is dynamic in nature. Natural and human factors are always influencing shoreline configuration. One of the important natural events which are responsible for the shoreline configuration along the Karnataka coast is southwest monsoon, and hence there is a change in shoreline position between pre- and post-monsoon. For the present research work, Karwar beach with two beaches, Rabindranath Tagore beach and Devabagh beach along Karnataka coast, West coast of India were selected as study area. Landsat-8 satellite images for the years 2013–2017 were used in the present study and processed for May and October of every year, using ERDAS imagine 2014 and ArcGIS 10.3 tools to generate shoreline configuration maps. Finally, the comparison was made between 2013 and 2017 years, and the results indicate that the Devbagh beach during pre-monsoon season has an average shoreline change rate of ?7.54 m/yr (EPR) and ?5.57 m/yr (LRR) and during post-monsoon season it is 0.34 m/yr (EPR) and ?0.46 m/yr (LRR). Similarly, Rabindranath Tagore beach during pre-monsoon seasons has an average shoreline change rate of 0.004 m/yr (EPR) and 1.67 m/yr (LRR), and in post-monsoon season, it is ?5.77 m/yr (EPR) and ?6.55 m/yr (LRR) respectively. The total uncertainty error was estimated and found to be (Formula presented.) 5.00 m/yr. © 2018 Indian Society for Hydraulics.Item Connection between Meteorological and Groundwater Drought with Copula-Based Bivariate Frequency Analysis(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2021) Pathak, A.A.; Dodamani, B.M.Groundwater is a major resource of freshwater that provides additional resilience to agricultural drought during rainfall deficit and also helps in understanding the nature of the hydrological drought risk of an area. This study investigated the response of groundwater drought to meteorological drought and local aquifer properties by considering monthly groundwater levels of a tropical river basin in India. Further, bivariate frequency analysis was carried out for groundwater drought to develop severity-duration-frequency curves by considering the copula function. Long-term monthly groundwater levels were procured, and cluster analysis was performed on groundwater observations to classify the wells. Standardized Groundwater level Index (SGI) was used to evaluate groundwater drought for each cluster, and the same was compared with the meteorological drought of different association periods. The cluster analysis conveyed that wells can be grouped into three clusters optimally. Based on the comparison of groundwater drought with meteorological drought, it was inferred that SGI is well harmonized with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) in humid and semiarid regions, respectively. Analysis of hydraulic diffusivity with the autocorrelation structure of SGI emphasizes the crucial role of aquifer characteristics in local groundwater droughts. The results of joint and conditional return periods obtained from bivariate frequency analysis conveyed that high severity and high-duration droughts were more frequent in the well of Clusters 1 as well as Cluster 3 and comparatively less for the well of Cluster 2. The outcome of the study will be helpful to design proactive drought mitigation and preparedness strategies by considering conjunctive use of surface and groundwater. It also provides a framework to evaluate groundwater drought risk in other parts of the world. © 2021 American Society of Civil Engineers.