5. Miscellaneous Publications
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://idr.nitk.ac.in/handle/123456789/13843
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Item Casting/mould interfacial heat transfer during solidification in graphite, steel and graphite lined steel moulds(2003) Prabhu K.N.; Mounesh H.; Suresh K.M.; Ashish A.A.Heat flow between the casting and the mould during solidification of three commercially pure metals, in graphite, steel and graphite lined steel moulds, was assessed using an inverse modelling technique. The analysis yielded the interfacial heat flux (q), heat transfer coefficient (h) and the surface temperatures of the casting and the mould during solidification of the casting. The peak heat flux was incorporated as a dimensionless number and modeled as a function of the thermal diffusivities of the casting and the mould materials. Heat flux transients were normalised with respect to the peak heat flux and modeled as a function of time. The heat flux model proposed was used to estimate the heat flux transients during solidification in graphite lined copper composite moulds.Item Review of non-reactive and reactive wetting of liquids on surfaces(2007) Kumar G.; Prabhu K.N.Wettability is a tendency for a liquid to spread on a solid substrate and is generally measured in terms of the angle (contact angle) between the tangent drawn at the triple point between the three phases (solid, liquid and vapour) and the substrate surface. A liquid spreading on a substrate with no reaction/absorption of the liquid by substrate material is known as non-reactive or inert wetting whereas the wetting process influenced by reaction between the spreading liquid and substrate material is known as reactive wetting. Young's equation gives the equilibrium contact angle in terms of interfacial tensions existing at the three-phase interface. The derivation of Young's equation is made under the assumptions of spreading of non-reactive liquid on an ideal (physically and chemically inert, smooth, homogeneous and rigid) solid, a condition that is rarely met in practical situations. Nevertheless Young's equation is the most fundamental starting point for understanding of the complex field of wetting. Reliable and reproducible measurements of contact angle from the experiments are important in order to analyze the wetting behaviour. Various methods have been developed over the years to evaluate wettability of a solid by a liquid. Among these, sessile drop and wetting balance techniques are versatile, popular and provide reliable data. Wetting is affected by large number of factors including liquid properties, substrate properties and system conditions. The effect of these factors on wettability is discussed. Thermodynamic treatment of wetting in inert systems is simple and based on free energy minimization where as that in reactive systems is quite complex. Surface energetics has to be considered while determining the driving force for spreading. Similar is the case of spreading kinetics. Inert systems follow definite flow pattern and in most cases a single function is sufficient to describe the whole kinetics. Theoretical models successfully describe the spreading in inert systems. However, it is difficult to determine the exact mechanism that controls the kinetics since reactive wetting is affected by a number of factors like interfacial reactions, diffusion of constituents, dissolution of the substrate, etc. The quantification of the effect of these interrelated factors on wettability would be useful to build a predictive model of wetting kinetics for reactive systems. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Item Reactive wetting, evolution of interfacial and bulk IMCs and their effect on mechanical properties of eutectic Sn-Cu solder alloy(2011) Satyanarayan; Prabhu K.N.Lead free solders are increasingly being used in electronic applications. Eutectic Sn-Cu solder alloy is one of the most favored lead free alloys used for soldering in electronic applications. It is inexpensive and principally used in wave soldering. Wetting of liquid solder on a substrate is a case of reactive wetting and is accompanied by the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the interface. Wettability of Sn-0.7Cu solder on metallic substrates is significantly affected by the temperature and the type of flux. The wettability and microstructural evolution of IMCs at the Sn-0.7Cu solder/substrate interfaces are reviewed in the present paper. The reliability of solder joints in electronic packaging is controlled by the type and morphology of interfacial IMCs formed between Sn-0.7Cu solder and substrates. The formation and growth mechanisms of interfacial IMCs are highlighted. Mechanical behavior of bulk solder alloy and solder joint interfaces are analyzed. The characteristics of the IMCs which have marked effect on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior as well as reliability of solder joints of the alloy are discussed. An attempt has also been made to discuss the effect of cooling rate and strain rate on shear strength, tensile properties and creep resistance of the solder alloy. It is recommended that future work should focus on evolving a standard procedure involving sequential assessment of wetting behavior, evolution of IMCs and mechanical properties. © 2011 Elsevier B.V.Item Preparation, characterization and performance study of poly(isobutylene- alt-maleic anhydride) [PIAM] and polysulfone [PSf] composite membranes before and after alkali treatment(2011) Padaki M.; Isloor, A.M.; Belavadi G.; Prabhu K.N.Recently, nanofiltration (NF) membranes have been drawing much attention in the field of filtration and the purification process of water/industrial effluents, because of their energy efficiency and low cost. Although reverse osmosis (RO) membranes are widely used in present desalination units, NF membranes are considered as "future membranes" for desalination, because of the low operating pressure. In the present paper, we hereby report the synthesis of a new composite NF membranes of poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (PIAM) with polysulfone, using a diffusion-induced phase separation (DIPS) method. The anhydride groups were converted to acid group by alkaline treatment. Newly prepared composite membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. The membranes were tested for salt rejection and water swelling. The resulted NF membranes exhibited significantly enhanced water permeability while retaining high salt rejection. The flux and rejection rate of the NF membrane to Na2SO4 (500 ppm) reached to 11.73 L/(m2 h) and 49% rejection under 1 MPa and also 70:30 composition of the membrane showed 54% water swelling; contact angle measurement, ion exchange capacity, and water uptake of the membrane were recorded. © 2011 American Chemical Society.