Browsing by Author "Wadde, S."

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    Advances of Submarine Groundwater Discharge in the Coastal Aquifers of India: A Review
    (Technoscience Publications, 2025) Sunilkumar, P.S.; Ramesh, H.; Wadde, S.
    Groundwater is a crucial freshwater source for coastal communities. However, population growth, urbanization, industrial activities, and the discharge of polluted sewage water have led to the contamination of coastal groundwater with nutrients, metals, and organic compounds. This contaminated groundwater and terrestrial groundwater discharges into the ocean through a process known as Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD). This study aims to review (i) the driving forces behind SGD across coastal barriers, (ii) methods for identifying and quantifying SGD sites, and (iii) the status of SGD in Indian coastal aquifers and groundwater resource availability. The study indicates that groundwater discharge is higher on the east coast of India than on the west coast. Data on groundwater resources in India’s coastal states show an increase in annual groundwater extractions for irrigation, industry, and domestic use, with a decreasing trend in net groundwater availability for future use between 2011, 2013, and 2017. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the quantity of SGD flux along the Indian coastline. However, preliminary studies by the Mission SGD project have made some progress in understanding this phenomenon. This research aims to improve the estimation of water resources in India and highlight the volume of SGD entering the ocean. A comprehensive understanding of hydrogeological settings, computational methods, coastal aquifer geometries, and other factors is essential for accurately estimating SGD along the Indian coastline. © 2025 by the authors Licensee: Technoscience Publications.
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    Multi-Dimensional Assessment of Submarine Groundwater Discharge and Seawater Intrusion Between Mangaluru and Udupi Coast of Karnataka, India
    (Springer, 2025) Sunilkumar, P.S.; Ramesh, H.; Wadde, S.
    Submarine Groundwater Discharge (SGD) and Seawater Intrusion (SWI) are critical, interlinked processes impacting coastal groundwater sustainability. Increasing population density, rapid urbanization, and unsustainable agricultural practices contribute to groundwater stress along coastal regions, especially from the Mangalore and Udupi coasts of Karnataka, India. This study investigates SGD and SWI dynamics using groundwater level (GWL) fluctuation, in-situ water quality parameters assessment, and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies. The Historical and in-situ GWL data has been used to locate possible SGD and SWI-prone areas. The same has been validated with the key indicators Salinity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of Groundwater, Porewater, and Seawater samples, and also from thermal image-derived SST. The integrated analysis identified zones of SGD and SWI. Surathkal Hejamadi, Padubidri, Tenka, Bada, kaiparjal, and Mattu, emerged as potential SGD areas, with GWL > 7.5 m above MSL, salinity < 1.5 PPT, EC < 1000 µS/cm, and TDS < 1500 mg/L. SWI-prone locations, such as Sasihithlu, displayed elevated TDS (up to 6770 mg/L) and GWL < 2.5 m above MSL. Malpe Beach exhibited clear SGD indicators with TDS < 400 mg/L and groundwater flow directed seaward. EC values varied from 200 µS/cm in SGD regions to over 2000 µS/cm in SWI zones, while salinity peaked at 10 PPT in Padubidri. SST anomalies validated SGD presence at Hejamadi and Surathkal, supported by hydrological and hydrochemical data. This comprehensive approach offers an effective methodology for delineating SGD and SWI zones, contributing to sustainable coastal aquifer management. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2025.