Browsing by Author "Suresha, S.N."

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A comparative study on properties of porous friction course mixes with neat bitumen and modified binders
(2009) Suresha, S.N.; George, V.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.R.
This paper summarises details of the laboratory investigation on the effect of various binders on the performance and durability of porous friction course (PFC) mixes. Three different modified binders and neat bitumen were investigated for three different aggregate gradations at two predetermined binder contents. The performance was evaluated in terms of stone-on-stone contact condition, air voids, and hydraulic-conductivity of compacted PFC mixes. The structural durability was investigated based on aged abrasion loss and moisture susceptibility. The findings provide a better understanding of the effect of each binder type on the performance and durability of PFC mixes. Crown Copyright © 2008.
ANN Model to Predict Joint Stiffness of White-topped Pavements Using Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) Data
(Springer, 2023) Bellary, A.; Suresha, S.N.
The performance of white-topping pavements depends mainly on the functionality of joints. The functionality of joints is measured in terms of its load transfer efficiency (LTE). Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) device is most commonly used to evaluate the performance of joints in the field. Joint stiffness is used as an input parameter in the finite element (FE) based software to compute the LTE. In the present study, an improvement to the existing analytical model is presented that can be used to compute the joint stiffness of white-topping pavements directly from the FWD deflection data. Further, ANN models have been developed and compared for the proposed and previously available analytical models in the literature. The joint stiffness calculated from the ANN model developed from the proposed analytical model is used as an input parameter in FE model and LTE is compared with the field studies. It is concluded that the proposed ANN model can predict the joint stiffness of white-topping pavement accurately and in addition to that, it will also reduce the computation time and cost. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.
Assessment of different long-term aging effect on FAM mixtures
(CRC Press/Balkema, 2020) Ningappa, A.; Suresha, S.N.
Aging is considered as one of the major factors which increase stiffness and brittleness to asphaltic mixture. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of different aging protocol on viscoelastic and fatigue cracking of Fine Aggregate Matrix (FAM) mixtures. To evaluate this, six different long-term aging levels were considered. LinearVisco-Elastic (LVE) limit of each FAMmixtures was initially determined by conducting strain sweep test.Viscoelastic properties (|Gâˆ—| and Î´) and master curve shape parameters of FAMmixtures were further determined from temperature and frequency sweep test. Fatigue cracking of FAMmixtures was evaluated using G-R parameter. Irrespective of the aging level applied to the FAM specimen, LVE limit was found almost constant for all FAMmixtures.Viscoelastic properties for FAMspecimen aged for 24 hrs at 135Â°C, and 12 days at 95Â°C aged FAM mixtures showed similar results from the master curve plots. Despite of the similar viscoelastic properties, the FAM mixtures with 12 days at 95?C and 24 hrs at 135Â°C were not shown similar crack potential. Â© 2021 Taylor & Francis Group, London.
Automated Parking Lot Management System Using Number Plate Recognition
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Nagar, R.; Suresha, S.N.; Bairwa, B.
In modern era, due to the rapid growth of vehicles had led to a significant increase in parking spaces in areas such as work spaces, business parks etc. Parking management has become a tenacious task to carry out. Wherein, this research paper proposes an Automated parking lot management system using a state-of-the art technology, which is Number Plate Recognition. This Automated parking lot management system using number plate recognition utilizes a Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm which aims in providing accurate detection and recognition of the vehicle's number plate. This SIFT algorithm is implemented using MATLAB Simulink. A collection of 136 vehicles dataset is taken to validate and assist system's performance. This system identifies and matches to the vehicle's number plate present in the dataset by using the app camera. When a match is detected, permission is granted for the vehicle to access the parking facility. In the absence of a match, the system impedes the vehicle and prompts the owner to settle the parking fee. The primary aim of this mechanism is to oversee and regulate the ingress and egress of vehicles in the parking area through the utilization of Number Plate Recognition technology. Â© 2025 IEEE.
Big data in roads and pavements: Insights from a bibliometric study and a critical review of recent publications
(CRC Press/Balkema, 2022) Bhat, S.; Suresha, S.N.
This article is intended to present the quantitative study of scientific research publications in the recent decade on the application of big data in the area of road transport and pavement engineering. The present study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 5036 Scopus indexed research documents such as research articles, review articles, conference papers, books, and book chapters published during 2010 and 2021 were referred. The study presents the geographical origin of the research documents; list of journals in which articles frequently featured; trends in the annual publication of research articles in journals, citations, and average citations per documents; and the frequency distribution of articles with different range of citations. In the second phase, nearly 100 articles that had cited the research article on the application of big data tools for the pavement distress detection were examined for the various types of machine learning, deep learning algorithms. Â© 2022 the Author(s).
Characterization of asphalt binder using tackiness properties
(CRC Press/Balkema, 2022) Suresha, S.N.; Hemanth Kumar, V.
Tack measurement is commonly used for the selection of various types of emulsions or tack coat materials during the construction of HMA overlays. Similarly, for uniform coating around the aggregate surface, the tackiness of asphalt binder also plays a vital role and this helps during the selection of modified and unmodified asphalt binder in HMA production. Therefore, the temperature used during HMA production affects the tackiness of the asphalt binder. The objective of this study was to measure the tack properties of conventional and modified asphalt binders, which are subjected to different aging conditions. To identify the tackiness of the asphalt binder, the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) was used to perform pull-off testing as per ASTM D8189. The energy required for the adhesive/separation behaviour of asphalt binders from the parallel plates was compared and quantified. A significant difference in adhesive forces or normal force (Fn) at different test temperatures was observed. The work/energy required to determine the tackiness of asphalt binder materials with reference to the distance/gap is well related to testing temperature and aging temperatures. Hence, to follow quality control and quality assurance during the selection of binders for the road construction, evaluation of tackiness is also necessary. Â© 2022 the Author(s).
Characterization of porous friction course mixes for different Marshall compaction efforts
(2009) Suresha, S.N.; George, V.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.R.
Porous friction courses (PFCs) are mainly recommended as surface drainage layers on high-speed road-corridors and runway pavements. Permeability and sound attenuation characteristics are considered to be the indices for performance assessment of PFCs. One of the reasons for the loss of permeability in PFCs is densification under heavy traffic. But, resistance to ravelling too, is of main concern in the case of under-compacted PFCs. This paper summarises the details of laboratory investigation on the characterization of PFC mixes corresponding to four different gradations and two binder contents, for three levels of the Marshall compaction. The findings of the investigation suggest that the selection of the compaction level for PFC mix design should be based on the design traffic level, and the gradation selected. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Chemical and rheological characteristics of accelerate aged asphalt binders using rolling thin film oven
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Suresha, S.N.; Vijayakumar, A.S.
The SUPERPAVE (Superior Performance Pavements) system and design method uses a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) test in the laboratory to simulate short-term ageing. The accelerated asphalt ageing method to simulate the long-term ageing. Whereas the method accelerated asphalt ageing using a pressure ageing vessel (PAV) takes an extended period of time to prepare the samples. In this case, the present study is an attempt to achieve accelerated long-term aged binder similar to that of PAV by running multiple cycles of RTFO maintained at 163 °C for a duration of 85 min per cycle. To achieve this, two unmodified binders of PG 70-XX were obtained from two different sources, and a styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS) modified binder of PG 64-XX was selected. The rheological characteristics such as viscosity at elevated temperature using rotational viscometer (RV), rutting and fatigue parameters using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), the chemical characteristics such as carbonyl and sulfoxide indices using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) are used to compare between the RTFO and PAV aged binders. The rheological results suggest that, to produce an accelerated aged binder using RTFO for unmodified and SBS modified asphalt binder with respect to G*sin?, the RTFO duration of 5 h 20 min and 6 h can be used as alternative for ASTM D6521 respectively. In additions, the rutting parameter G*/sin? shows to match its PAV aged binder properties at 256 ± 6 min for both PG 70-XX, and 269 min for PG 64-XX modified binder. Further, the variations in functional group concentration and changes in volatile mass are limited the achievement of specific RTFO duration. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
Delay in Rural Road Construction: Evidence from Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in Shimoga District, Karnataka, India
(Springer, 2021) Suresha, S.N.; Arun, V.
Rural roads are the basic infrastructure required for the improvements of rural areas. Rural roads had been planned and constructed under various rural development programs by the Government of India. However, serious efforts through these programs could not make road connectivity for more than 50% of rural areas in India. Hence, the Government of India had launched a major programme known as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) on December 25, 2000. The PMGSY programme emphasizes on time and quality of construction. This paper reports an investigation on the delay in the construction of PMGSY roads in Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Using the real-time data of PMGSY roads available on the Online Management Monitoring and Accounting System, an analysis was made to find the delay occurrence in the construction projects of the study area and the effect of various parameters with respect to delay. The study reveals that 95% of the PMGSY road projects have not been completed within the stipulated time and the road length, construction type, and seasons do not affect delay in construction. The present study helps the policy makers to implement reliable polices on rural road programs in the future. © 2021, The Institution of Engineers (India).
Eco-friendly lightweight filament synthesis and mechanical characterization of additively manufactured closed cell foams
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Patil, B.; Bharath Kumar, B.R.; Bontha, S.; Balla, V.K.; Powar, S.; Hemanth Kumar, V.H.; Suresha, S.N.; Doddamani, M.
Environmentally pollutant fly ash cenospheres (hollow microballoons) are utilized with most widely consumed, relatively expensive high density polyethylene (HDPE) for developing lightweight eco-friendly filament for 3D printing of closed cell foams. Cenospheres (20, 40 and 60 by volume %) are blended with HDPE and subsequently extruded in filament to be used for 3D printing. Cenosphere/HDPE blends are studied for melt flow index (MFI) and rheological properties. MFI decreases with cenospheres addition. Complex viscosity, storage and loss modulus increase with filler loading. DSC results on the filament and printed samples reveal increasing crystallization temperature and decreasing crystallinity % with no appreciable change in peak melting temperature. Cooling rate variations exhibit crystallinity differences between the filament and the prints. CTE decreases with increasing cenosphere content resulting in lower thermal stresses and under diffusion of raster leading to non-warped prints. Micrography on freeze fractured filament and prints show cenospheres uniform distribution in HDPE. Intact cenospheres lower the foam density making it lightweight. Tensile tests are carried out on filaments and printed samples while flexural properties are investigated for 3D prints. Cenospheres addition resulted in improved tensile modulus and decreased filament strength. Tensile and flexural modulus of printed foams increases with filler content. Results are also compared with injection molded samples. Printed foams registered comparable tensile strength. Specific tensile modulus is noted to be increased with cenospheres loading implying weight saving potential of 3D printed foams. Property map reveals printed foams advantage over other fillers and HDPE composites synthesized through injection and compression molding. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
Effect of aggregate gradations on properties of porous friction course mixes
(2010) Suresha, S.N.; George, V.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
This paper presents the study on effect of aggregate gradation on the mix design and performance properties of porous friction course (PFC) mixes. Six aggregate gradations were tested with due consideration to gradations specified for PFC or similar mixes by different agencies around the world. The PFC mixes were characterized for volumetric properties, permeability, unaged and aged abrasion loss, moisture susceptibility, and rutting resistance. The results were statistically analysed to identify the factors that significantly influence the properties of PFC mixes. Findings of the study clearly indicate that the gradations specified by various agencies will have significant effect on the design properties of PFC mixes, thus they are different. It also, helps in framing the Master aggregate gradation band for PFC mixes. Generally, permeability property is considered to be an optional parameter in the design. However, the findings of the present study recommended considering the permeability as one of the prime parameters in the design of PFC mixes. © RILEM 2009.
Effects of coconut shell charcoal powder combined with SBS on rheological properties of asphalt binder
(Elsevier Ltd, 2025) Rahul, M.S.; Anjani, H.; T S, P.; Bhanu V, U.; Suresha, S.N.
Conventional asphalt binders often suffer from inadequate stiffness, elasticity, and aging resistance under high temperatures and heavy traffic conditions. This study addresses these limitations by utilizing coconut shell charcoal powder (CSCP), a carbon-rich, porous biochar derived from agricultural waste, along with styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) polymer to enhance the rheological performance and sustainability of VG-30 asphalt binder. CSCP, incorporated at 2 %, 4 %, and 6 % by weight, provides high surface activity and thermal stability that improve binder stiffness and aging resistance, while 1 % SBS enhances elasticity and recovery through its elastomeric network. Rheological tests using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) on unaged, rolling thin-film oven (RTFO)-aged, and pressure aging vessel (PAV)-aged samples, supported by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, revealed that the dual-modified binder (CSMB6S1) achieved an optimal balance of stiffness and elasticity, exhibiting superior rutting resistance, fatigue life, and high-temperature stability. The results highlight the synergistic reinforcement between CSCP and SBS and demonstrate the potential of coconut shell–derived carbon as a sustainable modifier for high-performance asphalt pavements. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd.
Evaluation of properties of nonfoaming Warm mix asphalt mixtures at lower working temperatures
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) onlinejls@asce.org, 2017) Shiva Kumar, G.; Suresha, S.N.
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) is a green technology which has the potential to replace hot mix asphalt (HMA) because it reduces greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption by lowering the temperature at which asphalt mixtures are produced and placed. During the design process, evaluation of the mix design and mechanical properties of WMA mixtures is necessary. Therefore, the ability to quantify compactability would be very useful. This paper presents details on the evaluation of asphalt mix design, workability, and mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures modified with nonfoaming WMA additives at lower working (mixing and compaction) temperatures. Further, it seeks to provide a wider gap between mixing and compaction temperatures to ensure that WMA mixtures are suitable for longer haul distances. Asphalt mix design properties were evaluated by the Superpave method for various design gyrations (Ndes), and workability properties were evaluated in terms of Superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) densification indices using the Bahia and locking point methods. Mechanical properties such as resistance to moisture-induced damage were evaluated by the tensile strength ratio (TSR) approach, rutting resistance was evaluated by a laboratory wheel tracking test using a wheel rut tester (WRT), and flexural fatigue characteristics were evaluated by four point bending using a repeated load testing (RLT) machine. The effects of nominal maximumaggregate size (NMAS), working temperature, and type of mixture on the properties ofWMAmixtures were investigated. The experimental results were statistically analyzed to identify the major influencing factors and their significance. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
Evaluation of properties of porous friction course mixes for different gyration levels
(2009) Suresha, S.N.; George, V.; Shankar, A.U.R.
Porous frictions courses (PFCs) are characterized by high percent air voids content, and are widely used as pavement surface drainage layers. This paper presents details on the laboratory investigation performed on evaluation of properties of PFC mixes using the Superpave gyratory compactor. It also, provides a brief review of the latest specifications related to standard practices for mix design and the uses of these mixes adopted by various agencies. Major differences were observed in the design gyrations (Ndesign) and the design aggregate gradations. In this study, six gradations (G) were investigated with binder contents (BCs) ranging between 4.0 and 5.0% by mass of the total mix, for various gyration levels (N). The effect of N, G, and BC on the volumetric properties, unaged abrasion loss, permeability, and the permanent deformation characteristics of PFC mixes were investigated. The experimental results were statistically analyzed to identify the major influencing factors and their significance. © 2009 ASCE.
Evaluation of workability and mechanical properties of nonfoaming warm mix asphalt mixtures
(ASTM International, 2018) Shiva Kumar, G.; Suresha, S.N.
Laboratory evaluation of mix design and mechanical properties of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixtures is necessary during the design process; consequently, the ability to quantify the compactability of WMA mixtures would be very helpful. This article presents the findings of an experimental study aimed at evaluation of the influence of mixing and compaction temperature on mix design and mechanical and workability properties of nonfoaming WMA mixtures. Asphalt mix design properties were evaluated by the Marshall method and the Superpave method. Mechanical properties such as rutting resistance were evaluated by a laboratory wheel tracking test using a Wheel Rut Tester (WRT), and the resistance to moisture-induced damage was evaluated by the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) approach. Workability properties were evaluated in terms of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) densification indexes using the Bahia and locking point methods. Test results indicate that WMA mixtures compacted using SGC at a lower compaction temperature of 110°C, which satisfied the Voids in Total Mixture (VTM) requirement. In order to ensure the Voids in Mineral aggregate (VMA) and Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) requirements of WMA mixtures, compaction temperature should be restricted to 120°C. Furthermore, WMA mixtures prepared at lower compaction temperatures exhibited higher resistance to rut deformation because of higher Traffic Densification Index (TDI) values. The energy needed to compact the WMA mixtures at lower compaction temperatures was lower due to lower Compaction Densification Index (CDI) values. WMA mixtures made with surface-saturated dry aggregates and compacted at 110°C marginally fulfilled the minimum TSR requirement because of significant reduction in the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values of conditioned specimen. © © 2018 by ASTM International
Experimental Analysis of Interface Shear Fatigue Performance of Ultra-Thin Whitetopping
(2017) Jayakesh, K.; Suresha, S.N.
The good quality of the bond between the substrate and the overlay is a key factor for providing composite or monolithic action in ultra-thin whitetopping (UTW) by shifting the neutral axis from middle of the UTW slab to the bottom of UTW slab. This will reduce the bending stresses, however, shear stress will remain maximum at the interface. The shear stress at the interface will increase with the increase in repeated application of traffic load which creates an accumulation of strain at the interface resulting in failure of the monolithic action and finally affects the long-term performance of UTW. In this study, a strategic test apparatus and procedure are used to evaluate the decrease in bond strength caused by cyclic loading with respect to different interface treatment. The direct shear test was performed at 7 and 28 days and parameters like interface bond strength, tangential stiffness (k-modulus) and a number of cycles at failure for different stress ratios were collected through the experiments of different interface conditions. Through comparison of test results of different interface treatment with different loading rate and interface shear fatigue, it proved that this test method and the device can evaluate interface bond strength of UTW under static and repeated loading conditions effectively. � 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
Experimental Analysis of Interface Shear Fatigue Performance of Ultra-Thin Whitetopping
(American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2017) Jayakesh, K.; Suresha, S.N.
The good quality of the bond between the substrate and the overlay is a key factor for providing composite or monolithic action in ultra-thin whitetopping (UTW) by shifting the neutral axis from middle of the UTW slab to the bottom of UTW slab. This will reduce the bending stresses, however, shear stress will remain maximum at the interface. The shear stress at the interface will increase with the increase in repeated application of traffic load which creates an accumulation of strain at the interface resulting in failure of the monolithic action and finally affects the long-term performance of UTW. In this study, a strategic test apparatus and procedure are used to evaluate the decrease in bond strength caused by cyclic loading with respect to different interface treatment. The direct shear test was performed at 7 and 28 days and parameters like interface bond strength, tangential stiffness (k-modulus) and a number of cycles at failure for different stress ratios were collected through the experiments of different interface conditions. Through comparison of test results of different interface treatment with different loading rate and interface shear fatigue, it proved that this test method and the device can evaluate interface bond strength of UTW under static and repeated loading conditions effectively. Â© 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
Experimental investigation of interface treatment technique on interface shear bond fatigue behavior of Ultra-Thin Whitetopping
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Jayakesh, K.; Suresha, S.N.
The bonded concrete overlays on existing asphalt pavements are classified into three subcategories namely whitetopping, thin-whitetopping and Ultra-Thin Whitetopping (UTW). The design service life of UTW overlays depends on several factors such as interface bond strength, slab thickness, slab size, material strength and underlying material condition. The quality of the interface bond depends on both surface preparation and the UTW placement procedure. The interface bond between two layers helps in the monolithic action of the pavement section by shifting the neutral axis from the middle of the UTW slab to the bottom of UTW slab. The composite action had a direct impact on the long-term performance of the UTW overlays. To assure good bonding, milling method is usually applied at the interfaces during UTW overlay construction. The interface bond strength due to milling technique can be measured with the help of several devices arranged by different laboratories. This paper investigates the interface shear bond strength and shear fatigue behavior of UTW pavement for different interface treatment techniques. For this experimental purpose, a laboratory direct shear testing method and procedure was used. Two interface treatment technique like groove and piercing method have been analyzed. Interface treatment with piercing technique had shown highest shear bond strength and k-modulus values. Incorporating groove interface technique with an inclination of 0–45 degrees and piercing interface treatment has been proposed. The interface shear bond fatigue behavior of piercing treatment technique with different debonding conditions are discussed. As expected the increase in debonding leads to decrease in interface shear stress and fatigue performance. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
Identification of Road Traffic Crash Blackspots on National and State Highways in Trivandrum, India Using Kernel Density Estimation
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Anil, A.B.; Sam, S.E.; Suresha, S.N.
The paper presents a comprehensive study on road traffic accidents (RTAs) in the Trivandrum district of Kerala, India, emphasizing the high incidence of fatalities and injuries, particularly on National and State Highways. The study utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of RTAs, employing Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to identify accident as Blackspots, in the Thiruvananthapuram district. The study spans three years, from 2020 to 2022. It includes detailed crash data, including collision types, accident severity, weather conditions, road types, and junctions, revealing insights such as the prevalence of head-to-head collisions and the influence on accident rates. The Severity Index (SI) is introduced as a metric to quantify accident gravity. The research aims to identify blackspots for improving safety measures, ultimately contributing to the well-being of road users in Kerala. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted road safety measures and infrastructure improvements to mitigate the risk of RTAs. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Influence of Coarse Aggregate Size and Type on the Design Thickness of Rigid Pavements for Indian Conditions
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Bellary, A.; Suresha, S.N.
The pavement quality concrete (PQC) is used in the construction of rigid pavements, commonly called concrete pavements. The coarse aggregates (CA) are the major constituents of the PQC mix, which influence the strength of the PQC mix. The strength of the PQC mix used in the construction of rigid pavements is one of the major factors that govern the design thickness of these pavements. In this study, an attempt has been made to characterize the influence of CA size and type on strength characteristics of the PQC mix experimentally. The crushed basalt and granitic CA are used in the preparation of the PQC mix. Also, three different nominal maximum aggregate size (NMAS) 19, 26.5 and 31.5Â mm, are selected based on the IRC 44: 2017 guidelines. The experimental results are given as input in EverFE 2.24 software for determining the safe design thickness of rigid pavement over the design period. It is concluded that the safe design thickness of the PQC mix prepared using basaltic CA is comparatively lower than the PQC mix prepared using granitic CA for the same NMAS. Also, the safe design thickness of concrete pavement increased with an increase in NMAS irrespective of CA type. Thus, it is suggested to use stronger CA with lower NMAS based on the availability at the site. Â© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.