Browsing by Author "Subbanna Bhat, P."
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Item A novel visualization technique for voluminous ECG data acquired over several hours is presented. The classified data is displayed in a sector graph, with a menu driven hierarchical display strategy, which progressively unfolds greater details for chosen intervals. A color code is employed to identify different types of abnormalities. Provision is made for fine tuning the classification. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.(Comprehensive visualization of cardiac health using electrocardiograms) Acharya, A.U.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Niranjan, U.C.2002Item Analysis of heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular non-invasive tool for assessing the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV analysis is based on the concept that fast fluctuations may specifically reflect changes of sympathetic and vagal activity. It shows that the structure generating the signal is not simply linear, but also involves nonlinear contributions. These signals are essentially non-stationary; may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random in the time scale. However, to study and pinpoint abnormalities in voluminous data collected over several hours is strenuous and time consuming. This paper presents the continuous time wavelet analysis of heart rate variability signal for disease identification. Fractal dimension (FD) of heart rate signals are calculated and compared with the wavelet analysis patterns. The FD obtained indicates more than 90% confidence interval for all the classes studied. © 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.(Analysis of cardiac health using fractal dimension and wavelet transformation) Acharya, A.U.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Kannathal, N.; Rao, A.; Lim, C.M.2005Item AR modeling of heart rate signals(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2004) Nayak, J.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Acharya, A.U.; Niranjan, U.C.; Sing, O.W.The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a representative signal containing information about the condition of the heart. The shape and size of the P-QRS-T wave, the time intervals between its various peaks etc may contain useful information about the nature of disease afflicting the heart. However, the human observer can not directly monitor these subtle details. Besides, since bio-signals are highly subjective, the symptoms may appear at random in the time scale. Therefore, the heart rate variability signal is used as the base signal for the highly useful in diagnostics. This paper deals with the analysis of eight cardiac abnormalities using Auto Regressive (AR), modeling technique. The results are tabulated below for specific example. © 2004 IEEE.Item Background. Digital watermarking is a technique of hiding specific identification data for copyright authentication. This technique is adapted here for interleaving patient information with medical images, to reduce storage and transmission overheads. Methods. The patient information is encrypted before interleaving with images to ensure greater security. The bio-signals are compressed and subsequently interleaved with the image. This interleaving is carried out in the spatial domain and Frequency domain. The performance of interleaving in the spatial, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coefficients is studied. Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) is employed for data compression as well as encryption and results are tabulated for a specific example. Results. It can be seen from results, the process does not affect the picture quality. This is attributed to the fact that the change in LSB of a pixel changes its brightness by 1 part in 256. Spatial and DFT domain interleaving gave very less %NRMSE as compared to DCT and DWT domain. Conclusion. The Results show that spatial domain the interleaving, the %NRMSE was less than 0.25% for 8-bit encoded pixel intensity. Among the frequency domain interleaving methods, DFT was found to be very efficient. © 2004 Nayak et al, licensee BioMed Central Ltd.(Simultaneous storage of medical images in the spatial and frequency domain: A comparative study) Nayak, J.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Acharya, A.U.; Niranjan, U.C.2004Item Cardiac health diagnosis using wavelet transformation and phase space plots(2005) Acharya, A.U.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Kannathal, N.; Lim, C.M.; Laxminarayan, S.Analysis of heart rate variation (HRV) has become a popular noninvasive tool for assessing the activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). HRV analysis is based on the concept that fast fluctuations may specifically reflect changes of sympathetic and vagal activity. It shows that the structure generating the signal is not simply linear, but also involves nonlinear contributions. These signals are essentially nonstationary; may contain indicators of current disease, or even warnings about impending diseases. The indicators may be present at all times or may occur at random in the time scale. However, to study and pinpoint abnormalities in voluminous data collected over several hours is strenuous and time consuming. This paper presents the continuous time wavelet analysis of heart rate variability signal for disease identification. Phase space plots of heart rate signal for a chosen embedding dimension are compared with the wavelet analysis patterns. © 2005 IEEE.Item Face Recognition (FR) systems are increasingly gaining more importance. Face detection and tracking in a complex scene forms the first step in building a practical FR system. In this paper, a method to detect and track human faces in color image sequences is described. Skin color classification and morphological segmentation is used to detect face(s) in the first frame. These detected faces are tracked over subsequent frames by using the position of the faces in the first frame as the marker and detecting for skin in the localized region. Specific advantages of this approach are that skin color analysis method is simple and powerful, and the system can be used to detect/track multiple faces. © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.(Human face detection and tracking using skin color modeling and connected component operators) Kuchi, P.; Gabbur, P.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Sumam David, S.2002Item Hidden Markov model-contourlet Hidden Markov tree based texture segmentation(2004) Raghavendra, B.S.; Subbanna Bhat, P.Contourlets have emerged as a new mathematical tool for image processing and provide compact and decorrelated image representations. Hidden Markov modeling (HMM) of contourlet coefficients is a powerful approach for statistical processing of natural images. In this paper, we extended the hidden Markov modeling framework to contourlets and combined hidden Markov trees (HMT) with hidden Markov model to form HMM-Contourlet HMT model. The model is used for block based multiresolution texture segmentation. The performance of the HMM-Contourlet HMT texture segmentation method is compared with that of HMM-Real HMT and HMM-Complex HMT methods. The HMM-Contourlet HMT method provides superior texture segmentation results and excellent visual performance at small block sizes. © 2004 IEEE.Item Identification of voice disorders using speech samples(2003) Nayak, J.; Subbanna Bhat, P.This paper attempts to identify pathological disorders of larynx using Wavelet Analysis. Speech samples carry symptoms of disorder in the place of their origin. The speech signal is subjected to wavelet analysis, and the coefficients are used to identify disorders such as Vocal Fold Paralysis. Multilayer Artificial Neural Network is used for classification of normal and affected signals.Item In this paper, block based texture segmentation is proposed based on contourlets and the hidden Markov model (HMM). Hidden Markov model is combined with hidden Markov tree (HMT) to form HMM-HMT model that models global dependency between the blocks in addition to the local statistics within a block. The HMM-HMT model is modified to use the contourlet transform, a new extension to the wavelet transform that forms a true basis for image representations. The maximum likelihood multiresolution segmentation algorithm is used to handle several block sizes at once. Since the algorithm works on the contourlet transformed image data, it can directly segment images without the need for transforming into the space domain. The experimental results demonstrate the competitive performance of the algorithm on contourlets with that of the other methods and excellent visual performance at small block sizes. The performance is comparable with that of wavelets and is superior at small block sizes. © Springer-Verlag 2004.(Springer Verlag, Contourlet based multiresolution texture segmentation using contextual hidden markov models) Raghavendra, B.S.; Subbanna Bhat, P.2004Item Reliable and robust transmission and storage of medical images with patient information(2004) Nayak, J.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Kumar, M.S.; Acharya, A.U.A new method for compact storage and transmission of medical images with concealed patient information in noisy environment is evinced. Digital Watermarking is the technique adapted here for interleaving patient information with medical images. The patient information, which comprises of text data and signal graph, is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access of data. The latest encryption algorithm (Rijndael) is used for encrypting the text information. Signal graphs (ECG, EEG EMG etc.) are compressed using DPCM technique. To enhance the robustness of the embedded information, the patient information is coded by Error Correcting Codes (ECC) such as (7,4) Hamming, Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) and Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The noisy scenario is simulated by adding salt and pepper (S&P) noise to the embedded image. For different Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the image, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Number of Character Altered (NOCA) for text data and percentage distortion (PDIST) for the signal graph are evaluated. The performance comparison based on the above parameters is conducted for three types of ECC. It is elicited that coded systems can perform better than the uncoded systems. © 2004 IEEE.Item Reliable transmission and storage of medical images with patient information using error control codes(2004) Nayak, J.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Kumar, M.S.; Acharya, A.U.A new method for compact storage and transmission of medical Images with concealed patient Information in noisy environment if evinced. Digital Watermarking is the technique adapted here for interleaving patient Information with medical images. The patient information, which comprises of text data and signal graph, is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access of data. The latest encryption algorithm (Rijndael) is used for encrypting the text information. Signal graphs (ECG, EEG EMG etc.) are compressed using DPCM technique. To enhance the robustness of the embedded information, the patient Information Is coded by Error Correcting Codes (ECC) Reed Solomon (RS) codes. The noisy scenario Is simulated by adding salt and pepper (S&P) noise to the embedded Image. For different Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the image, Bit Error Rate (BER) and Number of Character Altered (NOCA) for text data and percentage distortion (PDIST) for the signal graph is evaluated. It Is elicited that coded systems can perform better than the uncoded systems. © 2004 IEEE.Item Shift-invariant image denoising using mixture of laplace distributions in wavelet-domain(2006) Raghavendra, B.S.; Subbanna Bhat, P.In this paper, we propose a new method for denoising of images based on the distribution of the wavelet transform. We model the discrete wavelet coefficients as mixture of Laplace distributions. Redundant, shift invariant wavelet transform is made use of in order to avoid aliasing error that occurs with critically sampled filter bank. A simple Expectation Maximization algorithm is used for estimating parameters of the mixture model of the noisy image data. The noise is considered as zero-mean additive white Gaussian. Using the mixture probability model, the noise-free wavelet coefficients are estimated using a maximum a posteriori estimator. The denoising method is applied for general category of images and results are compared with that of wavelet-domain hidden Markov tree method. The experimental results show that the proposed method gives enhanced image estimation results in the PSNR sense and better visual quality over a wide range of noise variance. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006.Item The electrocardiogram is a representative signal containing information about the condition of the heart. The shape and size of the P-QRS-T wave, the time intervals between its various peaks, etc. may contain useful information about the nature of disease afflicting the heart. However, these subtle details cannot be directly monitored by the human observer. Besides, since bio-signals are highly subjective, the symptoms may appear at random in the time scale. Therefore, the signal parameters, extracted and analysed using computers, are highly useful in diagnostics. This paper deals with the classification of certain diseases using artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy equivalence relations. The heart rate variability is used as the base signal from which certain parameters are extracted and presented to the ANN for classification. The same data is also used for fuzzy equivalence classifier. The feedforward architecture ANN classifier is seen to be correct in about 85% of the test cases, and the fuzzy classifier yields correct classification in over 90% of the cases. © 2002 Pattern Recognition Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.(Classification of heart rate data using artificial neural network and fuzzy equivalence relation) Acharya, A.U.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Iyengar, S.S.; Rao, A.; Dua, S.2003Item The heart rate is a non-stationary signal, and its variation can contain indicators of current disease or warnings about impending cardiac diseases. The indicators can be present at all times or can occur at random, during certain intervals of the day. However, to study and pinpoint abnormalities in large quantities of data collected over several hours is strenuous and time consuming. Hence, heart rate variation measurement (instantaneous heart rate against time) has become a popular, non-invasive tool for assessing the autonomic nervous system. Computer-based analytical tools for the in-depth study and classification of data over day-long intervals can be very useful in diagnostics. The paper deals with the classification of cardiac rhythms using an artificial neural network and fuzzy relationships. The results indicate a high level of efficacy of the tools used, with an accuracy level of 80-85%. © IFMBE: 2004.(Classification of cardiac abnormalities using heart rate signals) Acharya, A.U.; Kumar, A.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Lim, C.M.; Iyengar, S.S.; Kannathal, N.; Krishnan, S.M.2004Item This paper presents a design & implementation methodology for FPGA based MIL-STD-1553 Remote Terminal Sub-System using DDC's BU-61580 device. The interesting part of this paper is that it presents a design of non-processor remote terminal sub-system. The glue logic is put on one FPGA of 176 pins which initializes the BU-61580 in RT mode at power-on. The FPGA design was done using Viewlogic & Actel packages. The simulation has shown the correct results which was then followed by the implementation. In this paper, the design is presented for 9 sensors among which 5 are analog and 4 are digital. For the purpose of testing the circuit, the analog & digital sensors are simulated through the computer.(ISRO Satellite Centre, Design and implementation of FPGA based non-processor MIL-STD-1553 remote terminal sub-system using DDC's BU-61580) Bhagyalakshmi, K.; Ramachandra, G.; Agrawal, V.K.; Subbanna Bhat, P.; Philar, S.R.1999