Browsing by Author "Shivarama, B."

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A polysulfone/MIL-125(Ti) mixed matrix membrane for removing toxic dyes and heavy metals from water
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Shivarama, B.; Isloor, A.M.; Murthy, C.S.; Prabhu, B.; Abdul Rashid, S.A.
In this work, a titanium-incorporated metal–organic framework nanoadditive was used to study its efficiency in removing heavy metals and dyes from contaminated water. The use of MIL-125 (Ti) nanoadditive-incorporated polysulfone membranes has been tested for the elimination of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead as well as synthetic dyes, such as reactive black-5 (RB-5) and reactive orange -16 (RO-16). The incorporation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into polysulfone matrices can increase the performance of the membrane for specific applications, such as dye removal and heavy metal rejection. The MIL-125 (Ti) is a well-known MOF with excellent chemical stability, large surface area, and adjustable pore size, making it suitable for membrane fabrication. This study fabricated membranes composed of MIL-125(Ti) and polysulfone (PSF) with MOF doses ranging from 0.5 to 3 wt %. Compared with the pristine PSF membrane, the pore-forming agent PVP was used at a 12% concentration, increasing the pore size and porosity. The hydrophilicity, water flux, and antifouling nature of the fabricated membrane were studied. The dye removal and heavy metal rejection experiments were carried out, and a dye removal efficiency of 90% for RB-5 and 47% for RO-16 was exhibited by the M-1 membrane. Furthermore, the M-2 membrane resulted in heavy metal rejection of 89.33% for Cd2+, and M-3 resulted in 68.81% for Pb2+ at a feed concentration of 500 ppm. Hence, the membranes showed good stability and efficiency with a high feed concentration of heavy metals. In the present study, metal ion rejection was studied without the use of any complexing agents. © King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology 2025.
Membrane distillation for ammonia separation
(Elsevier, 2024) Shivarama, B.; Isloor, A.M.; A.F., A.F.
This review chapter presents a broad study on ammonia separation from different sources of wastewater using the membrane distillation (MD) process. The other ammonia separation technique, that is, conventional distillation process, has also been discussed. Ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3) in wastewater are of great interest for researchers, and many methodologies have been developed for eliminating both the species. Ammonia is considered a dominant pollutant in many sources of wastewater such as industrial, domestic, and farming wastewaters, and its removal is essential for the reusage of the wastewater. Various categories of membranes, such as hollow fiber membranes, flat sheet membranes including blend, and mixed matrix membranes, are used for the ammonia eviction process. The impact of distinctive operational conditions and variables such as feed pH, feed solution temperature, feed molecule flow rate, feed concentration, feed flow velocity, feed ammonia concentration, mass flow rate, and downstream pressure on ammonia removal capability has been studied. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods have been discussed. The captivating and fascinating developments in MD for the displacement of ammonia from wastewater and their comparison and the technology of ammonia removal by the MD process were summarized. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Metal- Organic Framework Containing Polymeric Membranes for Fuel Cells
(CRC Press, 2023) Shivarama, B.; Isloor, A.M.; Murthy, C.S.; Prabhu, B.; A.F., A.F.
Fuel cells have attracted immense attention due to their application in green energy initiatives. The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) are the two classes of fuel cells that work with polymer membrane technology. The pristine membranes of different polymeric materials lack the necessary properties to be called high-performing proton exchange membranes. However, the addition of porous materials like metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has brought substantial improvements regarding their proton conductivity, chemical, mechanical, and thermal steadiness. There have also been significant improvements in terms of methanol permeability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have fascinated scientists due to their porous structure, capacity to hold molecules, high selectivity, tunable pore size, and ability to undergo modifications in functionalization or post-synthetic modifications. Researchers have focused on developing composite membranes as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) for fuel cells (FCs). MOF-incorporated composite membranes have exhibited tremendous potential and significant future material applications. This chapter provides an insight into the development of MOF-incorporated composite membranes as PEMs for FCs. © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Anil Kumar Pabby; S. Ranil Wickramasinghe; and Ana- Maria Sastre; individual chapters, the contributors.