Browsing by Author "Salvi, S."

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A Nested Texture Inspired Novel Image Pattern Based Optical Camera Communication
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
Pattern recognition is a vital component of display-based optical camera communication. However, as the distance between the transmitter LED panel and the receiver camera increases, the visibility of the pattern reduces. Decoding each pattern requires extensive computational resources. This paper proposes a nested texture-inspired novel binary hierarchical image pattern classification-based modulation for optical camera communication to provide efficient pattern classification and achieve longer communication distance. Custom 8× 8 patterns are generated at the transmitter based on input data using nested outer and inner patterns. On the receiver side, multi-threaded pattern matching is performed simultaneously for inner and outer patterns for faster decoding. A simulator is built to test the performance of linear search and two variants of binary search for pattern matching. A hardware prototype and Matlab app are designed to perform experiments to test the performance of the proposed technique in a real-world environment. Experiments were conducted to select optimal camera parameter values for the best signal to noise ratio (SNR) and to analyze the impact of pattern intensity profile on decoding at various distances. The proposed pattern communication technique showcased 48.6% and 42.5% improvement in bit error ratio (BER) compared to Data Matrix and QR Code Pattern-based communication techniques, respectively. © 2013 IEEE.
A Novel 2D LED Matrix and Aztec Pattern Inspired Optical Camera Communication for Industrial IoT
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
Recently, the problem of Radio Frequency saturation has become more prominent. It is due to the increased number of intelligent devices connected to the network. This paper proposes an Aztec pattern-inspired optical camera communication system with the motivation to provide an alternate communication system without compromising the number of connected devices in a typical industrial environment. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio is evaluated in the proposed system, and its intensity profile is studied. The proposed technique outperformed traditional QR code-inspired methods in terms of power consumption and Packet Error Rate(%). Â© 2022 IEEE.
A Shadow Based Low-Cost Hand Movement Recognition System for Human Computer Interaction
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Geetha, V.; Salvi, S.; Sahoo, P.; Dodiya, M.; Gupta, S.
TIn this paper, we propose and implement a real-time hand motion detection system which uses shadows projected by hand and detected by low cost Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). The main advantage of the shadow approach is real-time recognition and its application in Post COVID 19 world where contactless interactions are required. Our proposed approach uses 2D hand motion shadows to determine sequence of light blocking the LDRs and thus making the system less complex and less compute intensive compared to 3D image recognition based systems. The accuracy of the proposed system is tested under various lighting conditions and 82-95\% accuracy is observed under normal lighting conditions. Â© 2021 IEEE.
An Image Transmission Technique using Low-Cost Li-Fi Testbed
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.; Maru, H.; Kumar, N.; Ahmed, R.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) or Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as transmitter and light sensor as receiver will turn the present lightening system into a communication system. Li-Fi based data communication provides secure communication within the luminous coverage of the light source. Thus, it has several applications in places where Radio Frequency interference is not desirable. Similar to other wireless communication techniques even Li-Fi is used for transmission and reception of digital data. Li-Fi system can also be used to transfer images from one device to another. In this paper, a preliminary study is discussed by proposing and implementing an encoding and decoding scheme for transmission of the binary image using Li-Fi. The proposed system is evaluated based on the light intensity, distance, accuracy, size of the image, image resolution, and transmission time. Â© 2021 IEEE.
An Optical Camera Communication Using Novel Hybrid Frequency Shift and Pulse Width Modulation Technique for Li-Fi
(MDPI, 2022) Salvi, S.; Vasantha, G.
With an increase in network-connected devices, the existing Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum is getting highly saturated. Non-RF-based communication systems have recently garnered attention as they can be considered an alternative to RF-based systems for some applications. The availability of efficient and low-cost electronic components like Light Emitting Diode (LED), photodiode, and cameras have been pivotal in building communications systems using visible light. High-speed communication using visible light can be achieved with customized hardware and software. Visible Light Communication (VLC) uses various properties of light to encode digital data, which is then modulated and transmitted over a short distance to the receiver. Photodiodes are inexpensive and provide low complexity implementation, but their adoption requires modifying existing devices to house dedicated sensors. On the other hand, in Optical Camera Communication (OCC), existing camera-based receivers are used to extract encoded data using properties of light like color, blink frequency, intensity, and polarity. In this paper, a novel OCC technique to achieve improved robustness using a Hybrid Frequency Shift Pulse Width Modulation (HFSPDM) is proposed, implemented, and evaluated. The performance of the proposed technique is compared for a short distance with On-Off Keying (OOK) and Binary Frequency Shift-OOK (BFSOOK) due to similar computational requirements. It was observed that the proposed technique used a 17% lesser number of frames than BFSOOK and provided 8% better BER than OOK under a test environment. It also supports longer distance communication than OOK as it is less sensitive to external noise. © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Continuous Sign Language Recognition Using Leap Motion Sensor
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Kumar, N.; Ahmed, R.; Venkatesh, B.H.; Salvi, S.; Panjwani, Y.
A vital communication tool that connects persons with hearing and speech impairments worldwide is sign language. Sign language involves mostly hand movements plus face gestures, which are interpreted by recognizing these gestures to form meaningful sentences. In this study, we use two machine learning models: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Support Vector Machines (SVM), to predict signs. A dataset of 42 unique sign words and 28 sentences was used to train and evaluate our models. Our method uses depth sensors, like the Leap Motion gadget, to improve sign language recognition (SLR).Worldwide, sign language is an essential communication tool for people with speech and hearing impairments. Sign languages are primarily made up of hand gestures and facial expressions, and their meaning is communicated through precise gesture interpretation. Our models were trained on a dataset containing 42 distinct sign words and 28 sentences, achieving an accuracy of 90.35% for word prediction and 98.21 for sentence prediction. The LSTM model outperformed the SVM model, which had accuracies of 85.96% and 89.58% for words and sentences, respectively. By using depth sensors like the Leap Motion device, our approach aims to enhance sign language recognition (SLR). Â© 2024 IEEE.
Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Visible Light Communication Testbed
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
The proposed testbed demonstrated and studied the behavior of channels and modulation techniques. Modulation techniques such as On-Off Keying (OOK) and Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) were implemented on the testbed. Their performance was evaluated based on the distance between the transmitter and receiver, bit rate, and accuracy. A free-space optical communication channel model was also implemented in MATLAB to study the impact of physical characteristics on channel performance. Physical factors such as room dimensions, LED power, and transmitter field of view (FoV) were considered for the simulation. Additionally, the results of the proposed testbed were compared with the standard indoor free-space optical communication channel model implemented in MATLAB. It was observed that the PDM modulation technique consistently provided a 2x improvement in accuracy over OOK modulation for the same distance. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
Follow Me: A Human Following Robot Using Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength Indicator
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Geetha, V.; Salvi, S.; Saini, G.; Yadav, N.; Singh Tomar, R.P.
Modernization has brought up significant changes in the way humans used to communicate with devices which aid in reducing strenuous work. Robotics has made life simpler by automating some specific tasks, one such application of robotics is explored in this paper. Human Following Robot (HFR) can be used to carry heavy goods or simply follow its user to act as an interface between IoT connected devices. In this paper, a Low-Cost Protoytpe of Human Follower Robot is proposed which uses Received Signal Strength Indicator of Wi-Fi to establish its task. Â© 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
From Light to Li-Fi: Research Challenges in Modulation, MIMO, Deployment Strategies and Handover
(2019) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
With an increasing number of network-connected devices, there is a need for new and innovative ways of providing communication. Due to the over-usage of existing Radio Frequency(RF) spectrum, it is essential to explore other alternatives. A possible solution for reducing the load over RF spectrum for communication could be the usage of alternative 380 to 740 nanometers wavelength, i.e., Visible Light spectrum. It satisfies multiple objectives, such as provisioning of illumination and communication. Characteristics of channel and propagation medium have been studied to provide the required preliminary understanding of the problem domain. The primary research focuses on Li-Fi communication is in the area of modulation techniques and handover management. Various existing modulation techniques have been studied and compared with respect its performance parameters such as attainable bandwidth, spectral efficiency, noise ratio, and illumination. Different MIMO techniques, design requirement, deployment patterns, and Handover techniques have also been highlighted. This work provides open research challenges related to modulation techniques, MIMO, Handover, and Deployment Strategies for Li-Fi. � 2019 IEEE.
From Light to Li-Fi: Research Challenges in Modulation, MIMO, Deployment Strategies and Handover
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
With an increasing number of network-connected devices, there is a need for new and innovative ways of providing communication. Due to the over-usage of existing Radio Frequency(RF) spectrum, it is essential to explore other alternatives. A possible solution for reducing the load over RF spectrum for communication could be the usage of alternative 380 to 740 nanometers wavelength, i.e., Visible Light spectrum. It satisfies multiple objectives, such as provisioning of illumination and communication. Characteristics of channel and propagation medium have been studied to provide the required preliminary understanding of the problem domain. The primary research focuses on Li-Fi communication is in the area of modulation techniques and handover management. Various existing modulation techniques have been studied and compared with respect its performance parameters such as attainable bandwidth, spectral efficiency, noise ratio, and illumination. Different MIMO techniques, design requirement, deployment patterns, and Handover techniques have also been highlighted. This work provides open research challenges related to modulation techniques, MIMO, Handover, and Deployment Strategies for Li-Fi. Â© 2019 IEEE.
Fully Automated Waste Management System Using Line Follower Robot
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Geetha, V.; Salvi, S.; Ghosh, S.K.; Ahmed, S.S.; Meshram, R.S.
With a population of over seven billion which generates waste of more than two billion metric tons a year, waste management is a serious issue that needs to be addressed. All this waste needs to be managed so that there will not be an overflow at the waste disposal bins in a locality as that might lead to deadly diseases and pollution. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose a way to collect the waste automatically using a line follower robot and dump it in the dumping ground. The proposed system uses an Arduino Yun which is installed on top of the line follower and a NodeMCU, which is installed at the garbage disposal sites for communication and collection of garbage. Both these components communicate over the â€œThingSpeakâ€ Cloud. These bins continuously send the percentage of waste that is in the bin. When the percentage reaches a certain threshold, the line follower goes to the site and collects the garbage and dumps it at a nearby dumping yard. Â© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Jamura: A Conversational Smart Home Assistant Built on Telegram and Google Dialogflow
(2019) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.; Sowmya, Kamath S.
With an ever-increasing number of smart connected devices for various applications, there is a need for finding a new, smarter way of communicating with all the homogeneous and heterogeneous devices in a particular network. Conversational Bots, also known as Chatbots, are currently a popular solution in many applications, as they provide a user-friendly interface and more intuitive recommendations to user queries. In this work, the domain of home automation is considered from the area of the Internet of Things, and a Chatbot application built using technologies like Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, and Service-Oriented Computing is designed as an intuitive user-interface for Smart home products. The aim of this paper is to build easy to implement and integrate DIY Smart Home Assistant using available technologies. The proposed Conversational Artificial Intelligence system can aid the user in smart decision making, predictive and preventive analytics, and showed promising results during experimental evaluation. � 2019 IEEE.
Jamura: A Conversational Smart Home Assistant Built on Telegram and Google Dialogflow
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.; Kamath Sâ€¤, S.
With an ever-increasing number of smart connected devices for various applications, there is a need for finding a new, smarter way of communicating with all the homogeneous and heterogeneous devices in a particular network. Conversational Bots, also known as Chatbots, are currently a popular solution in many applications, as they provide a user-friendly interface and more intuitive recommendations to user queries. In this work, the domain of home automation is considered from the area of the Internet of Things, and a Chatbot application built using technologies like Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning, and Service-Oriented Computing is designed as an intuitive user-interface for Smart home products. The aim of this paper is to build easy to implement and integrate DIY Smart Home Assistant using available technologies. The proposed Conversational Artificial Intelligence system can aid the user in smart decision making, predictive and preventive analytics, and showed promising results during experimental evaluation. Â© 2019 IEEE.
Li-Fi forÂ Secured Access toÂ Wireless Network During Online Examination inÂ Classrooms
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Salvi, S.; Apune, S.; Gutte, V.; Gawade, M.; Kolkar, R.
The traditional conduction of examinations needs to use physical copies of question paper and answer sheets, which are then evaluated by the evaluators. However, in a post-pandemic era, where the emphasis is more on the minimal usage of physically transferable materials, safe conduction of examinations in the classroom environments becomes challenging. Conduction of examination in complete online mode requires wireless access to the Wi-Fi access points; however, as the range of the Wi-Fi access point goes beyond the classrooms, there is the possibility of accessing the network from outside classroom which is not desired. With an aim to address these issues, in this paper a novel approach for providing dynamically changing passwords using visible light communication is designed, implemented and tested for connecting to the wireless network. The setup is useful in the environment where restricted physical access is needed to ensure system and network security. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
LiCamIoT: An 8x8 LED Matrix Pattern to Camera Communication for LiFi-IoT Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.
With the advent of the Internet of Things(IoT), a new frontier for developing applications under smart cities, smart transport, smart agriculture, and smart industries has garnered the attention of researchers and the consumer community. However, it also means adding more network-connected devices to the saturated Radio Frequency spectrum. Visible Light Communication based IoT systems can provide short-range indoor communication with minimal cost, thus aiding in offloading spectrum saturation. In this paper, an Optical Camera Communication-based IoT Application is proposed, implemented, and evaluated. The sensed values from the temperature and humidity sensor are mapped to an 8x8 LED matrix based on the proposed frame format. A camera-based receiver captures and decodes data from the frame using the proposed technique. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated based on SNR, distance, Packet Rate, and Packet Error Rate(PER). The PER of less than 3% was achieved for 2m distance and a Packet rate of 2 packets per second (pps). Â© 2022 IEEE.
LiCamPos : An Indoor Positioning System using Light to Camera Communication
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Salvi, S.; Geetha, V.; Praveen, K.; Kiran, C.; Nayaka, V.J.
Due to the limitations of the Global Positioning System to track or locate ultra-small resolutions, Indoor Positioning System(IPS) came into existence. IPS is used to provide useful indoor location-based information. Mostly Radio Frequency (RF) based system is used to achieve IPS. However, alternatives to RF are getting popular due to the debatable health risks of RF. In this paper, a light-based camera communication technique for IPS is proposed and evaluated. The proposed method uses a light aperture to encode location beacon information and is decoded using image processing techniques on the user's mobile phone. An On-Off Keying (OOK) modulation technique is employed to encode and broadcast beacon information, and software-based custom modified mobile camera parameters are used for position estimation. A phenomenon called the "Rolling Shutter"effect is used to extract useful information from the beacon. During experimentation, it was observed that the number of observable rolling shutter stripes is inversely proportional to the distance between the beacon and the receiver, and it is directly proportional to the frequency of OOK. It was also observed that the stripe's width is independent of the distance between beacon and receiver. Finally, an android application is built to show location-relevant messages/ads based on the identified beacon. Â© 2021 IEEE.
Perceptive VM Allocation in Cloud Data Centers for Effective Resource Management
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Savitha, S.; Salvi, S.
Virtual Machine allocation in cloud computing centers has become an important research area. Efficient VM allocation can reduce power consumption and average response time which can benefit both the end users as well as the cloud vendors. This work presents a perceptive priority aware VM allocation policy named P-PAVA algorithm, which takes into account the priority of an application along with its compute, memory and bandwidth requirement. The algorithm performs allocation of the applications based on the priority it gets using a machine learning based prediction model. Furthermore, to reduce the overhead of the allocation algorithm, parallelization is employed before assigning various workloads. To achieve this, the algorithm employs the First fit technique as a baseline for the requests allocation with a criteria as low priority. When compared to the state of the art algorithm for VM allocation for priority aware applications, P-PAVA performs better on several criteria such as average response time, execution time and power consumption. Â© 2021 IEEE.
Quantum-Chromodynamics-Inspired 2D Multicolor LED Matrix to Camera Communication for User-Centric MIMO
(MDPI, 2022) Vasantha, G.; Salvi, S.
With the high availability of low-cost and energy-efficient LEDs and cameras, there is increased interest in optical camera communication (OCC) to provide nonradio-frequency-based communication solutions in the domains of advertisement, vehicular communication, and the Internet of Things (IoT). As per the IEEE 802.15.7-2018 standard, new physical-layer clauses support low-frame-rate camera communication with allowable flickering. This paper proposes an OCC system that can provide user-centric multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) loosely based on quantum-chromodynamics (QCD) concepts. A QCD–OCC simulator and prototype are proposed, implemented, and evaluated on the basis of the pixel intensity profile, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), the success of reception (%), bit-error rate (BER), and throughput under different ambient lighting conditions and distances. We observed 100% and 84% success of reception using the proposed prototype and simulator, respectively, for the data rate of 720 bps. The maximal tolerable BER of (Formula presented.) for IoT applications was observed at a maximal distance of 200 cm and a maximal data rate of 3600 bps. The proposed system was also compared with other existing OCC systems with similar hardware and implementation requirements. The proposed QCD–OCC system provided rotation support up to 90 degrees and throughput of 4.32 kbps for a 30 fps camera. © 2022 by the authors.
Single Person Occupancy Detection Using PIR Sensors
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024) Kolkar, R.; Geetha, V.; Salvi, S.
The occupancy detection system presented in this study utilizes a combination of two PIR sensors and a micro-controller board to detect and store occupancy information in different rooms accurately. The PIR sensors detect motion within their field of view while the micro-controller processes the sensor inputs and controls the storage of occupancy data in a memory device. The circuit provides real-time occupancy status updates and allows for data retrieval for further analysis. The setup offers significant advantages such as energy efficiency, simplicity, and cost-effectiveness. The experimental results demonstrate the system's effectiveness in accurately detecting and storing occupancy information. The results show the elderly spend time in various rooms. The combined circuit has potential applications in various domains, including smart homes, energy management, and security systems, where knowledge of room occupancy patterns is crucial for optimizing resources and enhancing user experiences. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.