Browsing by Author "Ramesh, G."

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A Comprehensive Review on Scaling Machine Learning Workflows Using Cloud Technologies and DevOps
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Ramesh, G.; Vaikunta Pai, T.; Birǎu, R.; Poojary, K.K.; Abhay; Shingad, A.R.; Sowjanya, N.; Popescu, V.; Mitroi, A.T.; Nioata, R.M.; Kiran Raj, K.M.
Scaling Machine Learning (ML) workflows in cloud environments presents critical challenges in ensuring reproducibility, low-latency inference, infrastructure reliability, and regulatory compliance. This review addresses the lack of a comprehensive synthesis of how integrated DevOps practices and cloud-native technologies enable scalable, production-grade ML systems. We analyze the convergence of MLOps with tools such as Kubernetes, Jenkins, and Terraform, detailing their role in automating CI/CD pipelines, infrastructure provisioning, and model lifecycle management. The main highlights strategies for optimizing resource utilization, minimizing inference latency, and managing data versioning across hybrid and multi-cloud architectures (AWS, Azure, GCP). We also examine serverless computing, container orchestration, and monitoring practices to enhance scalability and governance. By categorizing challenges chronologically and evaluating emerging practices such as federated learning and security-by-design, this work bridges a key gap in existing literature. It offers a unified perspective on building reliable, reproducible, and compliant ML workflows, thereby advancing the state of scalable AI system engineering. © IEEE. 2013 IEEE.
A dimensional parameter for prediction of cooling performance of quenchants
(ASTM International, 2014) Prabhu, K.; Ramesh, G.
Computer aided cooling curve analysis was carried out during immersion quenching of ISO/DIS 9950 quench probe. Water, brine solutions, polymer solutions, mineral oils, and vegetable oils were used as quench media. The results showed that the quench medium used had a significant effect on the quench probe cooling curve parameters. An empirical correlation was proposed to predict the average cooling rate from surface tension, wetting angle, thermal conductivity, and kinematic viscosity of the quench medium. © 2014 by ASTM International.
A review on NLP zero-shot and few-shot learning: methods and applications
(Springer Nature, 2025) Ramesh, G.; Sahil, M.; Palan, S.A.; Bhandary, D.; Ashok, T.A.; J, J.; Sowjanya, N.
Zero-shot and few-shot learning techniques in natural language processing (NLP), this comprehensive review traces their evolution from traditional methods to cutting-edge approaches like transfer learning and pre-trained language models, semantic embedding, attribute-based approaches, generative models for data augmentation in zero-shot learning, and meta-learning, model-agnostic meta-learning, relationship networks, model-agnostic meta-learning (MAML), prototypical networks in few-shot learning. Real-world applications underscore the adaptability and efficacy of these techniques across various NLP tasks in both industry and academia. Acknowledging challenges inherent in zero-shot and few-shot learning, this review identifies limitations and suggests avenues for improvement. It emphasizes theoretical foundations alongside practical considerations such as accuracy and generalization across diverse NLP tasks. By consolidating key insights, this review provides researchers and practitioners with valuable guidance on the current state and future potential of zero-shot and few-shot learning techniques in addressing real-world NLP challenges. Looking ahead, this review aims to stimulate further research, fostering a deeper understanding of the complexities and applicability of zero-shot and few-shot learning techniques in NLP. By offering a roadmap for future exploration, it seeks to contribute to the ongoing advancement and practical implementation of NLP technologies across various domains. © The Author(s) 2025.
A Survey on Vehicle Collision Avoidance Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Prospects
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Ramesh, G.; Kiran Raj, K.M.; Abhishek; Devadiga, M.T.; Manohara, M.; Boloor, S.; Sowjanya, N.
Vehicle Collision Avoidance Systems (VCAS) enhance road safety by enabling vehicles to autonomously detect and respond to potential hazards using technologies such as radar, LiDAR, cameras, V2X communication, and machine learning algorithms. Key features like Adaptive Cruise Control, Autonomous Emergency Braking, and Lane Departure Warning help prevent accidents and improve driver assistance. Despite challenges like sensor limitations in adverse conditions, communication delays, and cybersecurity risks, advancements in sensor accuracy, decision-making algorithms, and edge computing continue to drive innovation. This paper highlights the importance of technological improvements, regulatory frameworks, and system interoperability in advancing VCAS adoption and achieving safer, autonomous transportation. Â© 2025 IEEE.
Assessment of axial and radial heat transfer during immersion quenching of Inconel 600 probe
(2014) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.
The time-temperature data at axial and radial locations were measured during immersion quenching of Inconel 600 probe in a mineral oil quench medium. The cooling of probe was not uniform during quenching. The variation of cooling rate along the axial direction was found to be higher than around the radial location. Inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) was solved for estimating heat flux transients from the temperature data and thermo-physical properties of the Inconel probe. Single and multiple unknown heat fluxes were assigned on the metal/quenchant boundary. The error between the estimated and measured temperatures reduced significantly with increase in number of unknown surface heat flux components. The peak heat flux was about 50% lower for assignment of single unknown heat flux compared to multiple unknown heat fluxes at the metal/quenchant boundary. A plot of isotherms indicated gradual and uniform cooling of the quench probe when single heat flux boundary was used. With increase in the number of heat flux components, non-uniform and large temperature variations in the quench probe were observed. The present work outlines the importance of estimation of spatially dependent boundary heat flux transients during quench heat treatment. © 2014 Elsevier Inc.
Assessment of spatiotemporal heat flux during quenching in TiO2 and AlN nanofluids
(ASTM International, 2017) Nayak, U.V.; Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work, spatiotemporal heat flux transients were estimated during quenching of an Inconel 600 alloy probe in water-based titanium dioxide (TiO2) and aluminum nitride (AlN) nanofluids that have nanoparticle concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. %. The results showed reduced peak heat flux and a longer vapor phase stage during quenching with nanofluids compared to quenching with water. The peak heat flux for quenching in nanofluids was lowered with increase in the nanoparticle concentration. Quenching with TiO2 nanofluids resulted in slower heat extraction compared to quenching in AlN nanofluids at higher concentrations. Quenching with nanofluids resulted in a more uniform quench compared to quenching with water because of the reduction in the rewetting period. © © 2017 by ASTM International.
Characterisation of water base copper nanoquenchants by standard cooling curve analysis
(2011) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
Water base copper nanofluids having concentrations varying from 0?001 to 0?1 vol.-% were prepared and used as quench media for immersion quenching. Cooling curve analyses were carried out by using a standard ISO/DIS 9950 quench probe. An inverse heat conduction model is employed to estimate the metal/nanoquenchant interfacial heat flux transients from the measured temperature field and thermophysical properties of the quench probe material. The addition of copper nanoparticles had a significant effect on the occurrence of the vapour blanket stage and nucleate boiling stage. Furthermore, all six cooling curve parameters were found to be altered by adding nanoparticles to water. The contact angle of water decreased from 67 to 39° by adding 0?1 vol.-% of copper nanoparticles indicating the improved wettability of nanofluids. The heat flux curve shows a maximum initially then drops rapidly during quenching. The peak cooling rate and heat flux of water increased by adding copper nanoparticles up to 0?01 vol.-%. Both parameters decreased with further increase in concentration of nanoparticles. The results suggest that the quench severity of water could be altered by adding copper nanoparticles. © 2011 IHTSE Partnership.
Comparative study of wetting and cooling performance of polymer-salt hybrid quench medium with conventional quench media
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.
Wetting kinetics, kinematics, and cooling performance of a polymer-salt hybrid quenchant were investigated. The rewetting phenomenon for brine, water, polymer, and polymer-salt hybrid solutions was characterized as rapid uniform, fast non-uniform, slow uniform, and fast uniform processes, respectively. A dimensionless rewetting time was proposed to assess the nature of the wetting front. The hybrid quenchant showed higher heat transfer during vapor and transition boiling and lower heat transfer during nucleate boiling and convective cooling. The presence of salt in the hybrid solution resulted in early destabilization of the vapor film and an increase in wetting front velocity and rewetting temperature. The polymer constituent delayed the rewetting phenomenon. © 2015 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
Determination of multiple heat flux transients during quenching of inconel 600 probe
(2013) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
The time temperature data at axial and radial locations were measured during immersion quenching oflnconel 600 probes in a mineral oil quench medium. The temperature data and thermo-physical properties were used as input to an inverse heat conduction model for estimating spatially dependent heat flux transients. The estimated temperature data agreed very well with measured temperature data for increasing number of unknown surface heat flux components. The peak heat flux value decreased to a minimum and then increased to a high value in the axial direction. The inverse analysis indicated non uniform nature of wetting front and boiling of mineral oil on the quench probe surface resulting in large temperature gradients within the quench probe. The present work clearly indicates spatial dependence of boundary heat flux transients even for a simple cylindrical probe and the need for their estimation during quenching.
Determination of multiple heat flux transients during quenching of inconel 600 probe
(ASM International joanne.miller@asminternational.org, 2013) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
The time temperature data at axial and radial locations were measured during immersion quenching oflnconel 600 probes in a mineral oil quench medium. The temperature data and thermo-physical properties were used as input to an inverse heat conduction model for estimating spatially dependent heat flux transients. The estimated temperature data agreed very well with measured temperature data for increasing number of unknown surface heat flux components. The peak heat flux value decreased to a minimum and then increased to a high value in the axial direction. The inverse analysis indicated non uniform nature of wetting front and boiling of mineral oil on the quench probe surface resulting in large temperature gradients within the quench probe. The present work clearly indicates spatial dependence of boundary heat flux transients even for a simple cylindrical probe and the need for their estimation during quenching.
Development of clay based nanofluids for quenching
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work the effect of addition of nanoclay particles having concentrations of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 vol% on cooling performance of water during immersion quenching was investigated. Cooling curve analyses were carried out by using standard ISO/DIS 9950 quench probe. Wetting behavior of nanoquenchant was studied using dynamic contact angle analyzer. The spreading behavior of droplets of quench media on INCONEL 600 substrate indicates improved wetting behavior of nanofluids. The peak cooling rate and cooling rate at 700�C for water decreased by addition of nanoparticles. Further, quenching in nanofluid shows longer vapour blanket stage as compared to water. The estimated flux transients and Grossmann H factor clearly show that decreased cooling performance of water by addition of nanoparticles. Copyright � 2012 ASM International� All rights reserved.
Development of clay based nanofluids for quenching
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work the effect of addition of nanoclay particles having concentrations of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 vol% on cooling performance of water during immersion quenching was investigated. Cooling curve analyses were carried out by using standard ISO/DIS 9950 quench probe. Wetting behavior of nanoquenchant was studied using dynamic contact angle analyzer. The spreading behavior of droplets of quench media on INCONEL 600 substrate indicates improved wetting behavior of nanofluids. The peak cooling rate and cooling rate at 700Â°C for water decreased by addition of nanoparticles. Further, quenching in nanofluid shows longer vapour blanket stage as compared to water. The estimated flux transients and Grossmann H factor clearly show that decreased cooling performance of water by addition of nanoparticles. Copyright Â© 2012 ASM InternationalÂ® All rights reserved.
Dimensionless cooling performance parameter for characterization of quench media
(2013) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.
The effect of varying thermal properties and boundary heat transfer coefficients on temperature profiles inside cylindrical quench probes was simulated during immersion cooling. The results of simulation indicated that, for assessment of the cooling performance of the quench media, the ratio of the quench probe diameter to its thermal conductivity should be less than 0.0005 m2K/W. A simple dimensionless cooling parameter (D 2CR/??T) was proposed to assess the cooling performance of quench media. © 2013 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
Effect of addition of aluminum nanoparticles on cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching
(ASTM International, 2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work, the effect of the addition of aluminum nanoparticles in concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. % on the cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching is investigated. The results of cooling curve analyses show that an increase in nanoparticle concentration increased the cooling rates at critical temperatures up to 0.05 vol. % and decreased them thereafter. The transition from the vapor blanket stage to the nucleate boiling stage was also altered by quenching in nanofluids. A finite difference heat transfer program was employed to generate cooling curves at different values of heat transfer coefficient from thermo-physical properties of the quench probe material. A Grossmann H quench severity versus cooling rate curve was established, and from this curve, the H factors of prepared nanofluids were estimated. An increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 0.05 vol. % resulted in an increase of the H value of water from 63 m -1 to 93 m-1, and any further increase in the concentration of nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in H. The results suggest both the enhancement and the deterioration of the cooling performance of water by the addition of aluminum nanoparticles. Copyright © 2012 by ASTM International.
Effect of addition of aluminum nanoparticles on cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work, the effect of the addition of aluminum nanoparticles in concentrations varying from 0.001 to 0.5 vol. % on the cooling performance and quench severity of water during immersion quenching is investigated. The results of cooling curve analyses show that an increase in nanoparticle concentration increased the cooling rates at critical temperatures up to 0.05 vol. % and decreased them thereafter. The transition from the vapor blanket stage to the nucleate boiling stage was also altered by quenching in nanofluids. A finite difference heat transfer program was employed to generate cooling curves at different values of heat transfer coefficient from thermo-physical properties of the quench probe material. A Grossmann H quench severity versus cooling rate curve was established, and from this curve, the H factors of prepared nanofluids were estimated. An increase in nanoparticle concentration up to 0.05 vol. %resulted in an increase of the H value of water from 63 m 1 to 93 m 1, and any further increase in the concentration of nanoparticles resulted in a decrease in H. The results suggest both the enhancement and the deterioration of the cooling performance of water by the addition of aluminum nanoparticles. Copyright © 2012 by ASTM International.
Effect of boundary heat transfer coefficient and probe section size on cooling curves during quenching
(ASTM International, 2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work the effect of boundary heat transfer coefficient and section size of quench probe material on cooling curves was investigated by using finite difference heat transfer based SolidCast software. Simulations were carried out at different combinations of heat transfer coefficient and quench probe diameter and thermal history at the geometric center of the probe was estimated to generate cooling curves. Simulation results show that both boundary heat transfer coefficient and quench probe diameter had a significant effect on the average cooling rate. A relationship between Grossmann quench severity (H), thermal conductivity of material, size of the probe, and average cooling rate was established. By using this model, for a known quench medium, probe size, and material it is possible to predict the average cooling rate of the probe. On the other-hand, for a given material and required cooling rate, cooling severity required from the quench media could be predicted and accordingly an appropriate quench medium can be selected. © 2012 by ASTM International.
Effect of Mn on cooling behaviour and microstructure of chill cast Zn-Al (ZA8) alloy
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Vishwanatha, H.M.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work, the effect of manganese addition to ZA8 alloy on thermal analysis parameters, heat transfer and microstructure was investigated. The thermal analysis parameters were found to be significantly affected by chemical modification of ZA8 alloy. Cooling curve and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of modified alloy showed nucleation of new phase other than b dendrites. Chilling of modified alloy resulted in decreased liquidus temperature and enhanced eutectoid transformation. Further, chilling avoids the formation of intermetallic compounds in modified alloy. The heat flux transients were estimated using inverse modelling during solidification of unmodified and modified alloys against different chills. The peak heat flux decreased on addition of Mn to ZA8 alloy. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated that the addition of Mn to ZA8 alloy decreases the heat of solidification. The addition of Mn to ZA8 alloy increased the contact angle, indicating decreased wettability of the modified alloy on the chill surface. The microstructure of ZA8 with Mn showed an increased amount of b phase and a decreased amount of eutectic. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of MnAl6 intermetallics in Mn added ZA8 alloy. Chilling with chemical modification resulted in enhanced decomposition of b phase. © 2012 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining.
Effect of Polymer Concentration on Wetting and Cooling Performance During Immersion Quenching
(Springer Boston, 2016) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
The effect of varying concentrations (0 to 100 vol pct) of glycol polymer solution on wetting kinetics, kinematics, and cooling performance during immersion quenching was studied by using goniometry, online video imaging, and cooling curve analysis techniques. An increase in concentration of the polymer solution resulted in improved wettability and accelerated spreading kinetics of the quench medium. The quench medium showed medium-fast-nonuniform, fast-uniform, slow-uniform, explosive/rapid, repeated, and slow-nonuniform rewetting phenomena depending on the concentration of the polymer solution. The collapse of the vapor film was by an instantaneous rupture process in the quench medium containing more water and by nucleation of bubbles caused by the selective rupture process in the quench medium enriched with polymer. The quench medium consisting of an equal amount of water and polymer showed an explosive collapse of the vapor film on the quench probe surface. The nature of the wetting front was uniform with polymer quench media except at 100 vol pct concentration of polymer quenchant. There was enhancement in the cooling performance of the quench medium, which was enhanced for a lower volume concentration of the polymer solution. However, an increase in the concentration of the polymer resulted in a decreased cooling performance. The cooling of the probe was more uniform with polymer quenchants (5 to 25 vol pct), which exhibited fast and uniform rewetting. Polymer quenchants (75 to 100 vol pct) that exhibited repeated and slow-nonuniform rewetting showed large variation in heat transfer over the quench probe surface. © 2015, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
Effect of quench probe material and section size on cooling severity
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work simulation of heat transfer during quenching was carried out using finite difference heat transfer based SolidCast software. Simulation experiments were aimed to assess the effect of boundary heat transfer coefficient, quench probe material and its size on the cooling curve of the quench probe at geometric centre. Simulation results show that all these parameters had a significant effect on the simulated cooling curve of the probe. For a material, there is a critical diameter above which increase in cooling rate at the centre of the probe is negligible and this critical diameter depends on the thermal conductivity of the material used for quenching. A quenching system with a D/h ratio value of greater 0.000075m3K/W has no significant effect on the cooling rate at the centre of the probe. A simple quantitative model which correlates average cooling rate, probe material, section size and cooling severity of quench media was proposed. The results of the model is independent of characteristics of quench probe used in assessment of cooling severity and could be used effectively for selection of quenchants during heat treatment. Copyright � 2012 ASM International� All rights reserved.
Effect of quench probe material and section size on cooling severity
(2012) Ramesh, G.; Prabhu, K.N.
In the present work simulation of heat transfer during quenching was carried out using finite difference heat transfer based SolidCast software. Simulation experiments were aimed to assess the effect of boundary heat transfer coefficient, quench probe material and its size on the cooling curve of the quench probe at geometric centre. Simulation results show that all these parameters had a significant effect on the simulated cooling curve of the probe. For a material, there is a critical diameter above which increase in cooling rate at the centre of the probe is negligible and this critical diameter depends on the thermal conductivity of the material used for quenching. A quenching system with a D/h ratio value of greater 0.000075m3K/W has no significant effect on the cooling rate at the centre of the probe. A simple quantitative model which correlates average cooling rate, probe material, section size and cooling severity of quench media was proposed. The results of the model is independent of characteristics of quench probe used in assessment of cooling severity and could be used effectively for selection of quenchants during heat treatment. Copyright Â© 2012 ASM InternationalÂ® All rights reserved.