Browsing by Author "Naik, G.M."

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A study on dimensional analysis modeling of crater size during wire electrical discharge turning process by using Buckingham Pi theorem
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Naik, G.M.; Hipparagi, M.A.; Bellubbi, S.; Roy, A.; Anjan, B.N.; Ramesh, S.; Narendranath, S.
The investigation on material removal by thermal erosion of discrete spark and vaporization in wire electrical discharge turning process was made to understand the crater size variation on turned components. In this study the modelling is done to establish the relationship between dependent and independent variables through Buckingham's Pi-theorem, to predict the variations of crater diameter depending on physical and thermal properties, subsequently the dimensional model was validated by conducting experiments on wire-electrical discharge turning process for two distinct density variant materials such as Aluminium 6061 and INCONEL 718 super alloys. The density, enthalpy of vaporization, radius of spark, specific heat and other quantities effect on crater diameter have been discussed in this research paper. Â© 2022
An investigation on effects of wire-EDT machining parameters on surface roughness of INCONEL 718
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Anjan, B.N.; Badiger, R.I.; Bellubbi, S.; Mishra, D.
This paper studied the effects of machining parameters on surface roughness of wire EDT of INCONEL 718 super alloy. The investigated machining parameters were rotational speed, pulse-on time, pulse-off time, servo voltage, wire feed rate and flushing pressure. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to find out the most significant parameters affecting the surface roughness. Results from ANOVA show that pulse-on time is significant variables to surface roughness of wire-EDT INCONEL 718 alloy. The surface roughness of the test specimen increased as these variables increased. Lastly, regression model was developed using a regression method to formulate the machining parameters to the surface roughness. The developed model was validated with an optimal setting parameters and the maximum prediction error of the model was less than 8%. Â© 2019 Elsevier Ltd.
Bio-corrosion impacts on mechanical integrity of ZM21 Mg for orthopaedic implant application processed by equal channel angular pressing
(Springer, 2021) Sekar, P.; Nyahale, M.B.; Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, N.; Prabhu, A.; Rekha, P.D.
The mechanical integrity of rolled ZM21 Mg was improved by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to function as a potential biodegradable bone screw implant. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) revealed deformed grains of 45 µm observed in rolled ZM21 Mg. They were transformed to equiaxed fine grains of 5.4 µm after 4th pass ECAP. The yield strength of rolled and ECAPed ZM21 Mg alloys were comparable. In contrast, 4th pass ZM21 Mg exhibited relatively higher elongation when compared to rolled sample. The mechanical properties of rolled and ECAPed ZM21 Mg were dependant on both grain refinement and crystallographic texture. The rolled and 4th pass ECAPed tensile samples exhibited nonlinear deterioration of mechanical properties when tested after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days immersion in Hank’s solution. The evaluation signifies that regardless their processing condition, ZM21 Mg alloys are suitable for surgical areas that requires high mechanical strength. In addition, the 4th pass ECAP samples were viable to MG-63 cells proving themselves to be promising candidates for future in vivo studies. [Figure not available: see fulltext.] © 2021, The Author(s).
Corrosion of ECAPed magnesium alloys and its background: A Review
(Chulalognkorn University, 2019) Naik, G.M.; SannaYellappa, N.; Kumar, S.S.S.
The aim of this review article is to provide a brief mechanistic overview of magnesium alloys, equal channel angular pressing and corrosion behavior of un-ECAPed and ECAPed Mg alloys. The considerate of the corrosion processes of ECAPed Mg alloys builds upon interpretation of the corrosion of fine-grain magnesium alloys. This provides an understanding of the effect of grain size on corrosion of Mg alloys. This deep understanding is essential as a foundation if we are to produce corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys. Considerable has previously been accomplished, but there is enormous scope for development. This present concise review can provide a foundation for further, much desirable research. © 2019 Chulalognkorn University.
Effect of Annealing and Aging Treatment on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Fine-Grained Mg-8%Al-0.5%Zn Alloy
(Springer, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, S.; Satheesh Kumar, S.S.; Sahu, S.
In order to study the influence of plastic deformation, annealing and aging treatment on pitting corrosion, the AZ80Mg alloy was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) by route R at 325°C for up to 4 ECAP passes (P) and annealing conditions of 523 K, 623 K and 723 K followed by aging treatment at 6 h and 12 h. A microhardness and corrosion study was accomplished and microstructural evolution was recorded using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). OM and EBSD analysis showed that a fine-grain microstructure with average grain sizes of 32.87 µm and 6.35 µm was achieved after 2P and 4P of ECAP, respectively. During annealing and aging treatment, the fine-grain Mg alloy revealed that the maximum microhardness and improved corrosion resistance were observed mainly due to redistribution of ?-secondary phases. Specifically, 12 h aged specimens at 523 K represented maximum microhardnesses of about 85 Hv and 87 Hv for ECAP-2P and -4P, respectively. Also, 12 h aging at 723 K appeared preferable for accomplishing enhanced corrosion properties. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
Effect of ECAP Die Angles on Microstructure Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of AZ80 Mg Alloy
(Springer New York LLC barbara.b.bertram@gsk.com, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, S.; Kumar, S.S.S.
In this article, the effect of channel angles on material properties was investigated during equal channel angular pressing of AZ80 magnesium alloy using processing route R at 325 °C processing temperature. Channel angles of 90° and 110° and common corner angle 30° have been considered for this study. It has been revealed that the channel angle has a significant influence on deformation homogeneity, microhardness, ultimate tensile strength, ductility and corrosion behavior of Mg alloys. Investigation with reference to as-received AZ80 Mg alloy indicates 18.47% improvement in UTS and 76.07% enhancement in ductility after processing through 3P-90° and 2P-110° ECAP, respectively. Also, the corrosion rate reduces to 89.47% after processing the sample with 3P-110° ECAP die. © 2019, ASM International.
Effect of grain refinement on material properties of Mg-8%Al-0.5%Zn alloy after the combined processes of multi-direction forging and equal channel angular pressing
(Institute of Physics, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Anjan, B.N.; Narendranath, S.; S Satheesh Kumar, S.; Preetham Kumar, G.V.
Establishing the novel microstructure is an effective method to accelerate the applications of magnesium and its alloys. In this work, an Mg-8%Al-0.5%Zn alloy (AZ80 Mg) with ultra-fine-grain (UFG) size of ?1.29 ?m was achieved by the combined processes of multi-directional forging (MDF) and equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The achieved ultra-fine grain structure made the Mg alloy, owing to inclusive performance as the structural material. The AZ80 Mg alloy with MDF 6 pass followed by two pass ECAP has superior mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 352 MPa and elongation of 11% when compared to as-received Mg alloy. Also, an unprocessed Mg alloy showed the corrosion rate of a 13.28 mm y?1, the corrosion rate of processed Mg alloy could be further decelerated through a change of microstructure obtained from combined processes of MDF and ECAP. This study outstandingly obtained a 94% reduction of corrosion rate after MDF-3P followed by an ECAP-2P (0.77 mm y?1) process compared to as-received Mg alloy. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Effect of grain refinement on mechanical and corrosion behavior of AZ91 magnesium alloy processed by ECAE
(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, S.; Satheesh Kumar, S.S.
AZ91 Mg alloys were processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) up to 4 passes through route-R. The increase in number of ECAE passes to yield fine-grain structure in the bulk Mg alloy with a more dislocation density, this enhances mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Indeed, microstructural observations revealed an equiaxed and significant grain refinement after ECAE-4P, with a mean grain size (d) of âˆ¼ 4.36Î¼m. Further, the tensile strength, micro-hardness and corrosion resistance were also increased, however the elongation was reduced with the increasing of ECAE passes. The electrochemical polarization test in 3.5wt % NaCl solution revealed a noticeable enhancement in the corrosion resistance of ECAE processed AZ91 Mg alloy compared with the as-received Mg alloy. This is mainly due to grain refinement and distribution of secondary phase particles in Mg alloy matrix during ECAE-4P. Â© 2019 Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Effect of grain refinement on the performance of AZ80 Mg alloys during wear and corrosion
(Techno-Press info@techno-press.com, 2018) Naik, G.M.; Gote, G.D.; Narendranath, S.; Satheesh Kumar, S.S.
Magnesium and its alloys are attracted towards all engineering applications like automotive, marine, aerospace etc. due to its inherent high strength to weight ratio. But, extensive use of Mg alloys is limited to the current scenario because of low wear and corrosion resistance behavior. However, equal channel angular press is one of the severe plastic deformation technique which has been effective method to improve the wear and corrosion resistance by achieving fine grain structure. In this study, the effect of grain refinement on wear and corrosion resistance of AZ80 Mg alloys were investigated. The wear behavior of the coarse and fine-grained Mg alloys was examined through L9 orthogonal array experiments in order to comprehend the wear behavior under varies control parameters. It was shown that ECAPed alloy increased the wear and corrosion resistance of the Mg alloy through the formation of fine grain and uniform distribution of secondary beta - phase. Also, the performance of AZ80 Mg alloy for these changes was discussed through SEM morphology. © 2018 Techno-Press, Ltd.
Enhancing surface characteristics of Mg-Zn-Sr alloy through cryo-ball burnishing; modeling and experimentation
(Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024) Kudva, S.A.; Anne, G.; Ramesh, S.; Sharma, P.; Jagadeesh, C.; Ritti, L.; Naik, G.M.; Divya Deepak, G.D.
In this investigation, the impact of the cryo-ball burnishing process on both the mechanical and corrosion properties of the Mg-4Zn-1Sr alloy was systematically explored. To better understand the plastic deformation occurring in Mg-4Zn-1Sr during cryo-burnishing, a finite element analysis (FEA) model was developed. The microstructure of cryo-ball burnished samples underwent characterization through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and surface properties were assessed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization tests were conducted in a simulated body fluid using an electrochemical workstation. Experimental findings revealed significant grain refinement and the presence of residual dislocations during the cryo-burnishing process, as evident in TEM analysis. XRD analysis indicated the presence of Mg, Mg17Sr2 and SrZn2 phases, with observable peak broadening in the cryo-burnished samples, attributed to structural refinement and lattice strain incorporation. Microhardness values increased with greater depth of press, with the DFN 1071 sample displaying a hardness of 80 ± 4 Hv (Ra = 1.853 µm), marking a 54 % improvement compared to the homogenized sample. The enhanced corrosion resistance of the Mg-4Zn-1Sr alloy due to cryo-burnishing is attributed to the combined effects of grain refinement, residual dislocations, and intermetallic phases. © The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024.
Examining the Influence of StackinSequence on the Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Abaca-Jute Vinyl Ester Composites
(Springer Nature, 2024) Ramesh, S.; Maruthi Prashanth, B.H.; Anne, G.; Naik, G.M.; Reddy, R.; Jagadeesh, C.; Sharma, P.; Prashanth Pai, M.
This research looked on the impacts of layer arrange-ment on inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile, flexural, and impact capabilities of hybrid composite developed from 25% abaca and 25% jute fabrics reinforced 50% vinyl ester. Furthermore, the samples frac-tured under the tensile load were examined using SEM images. Utilizing a hot press process, these hybrid laminates were fabricated and sample preparation and testing were done as per ASTM criteria. The findings demonstrate that among Abaca-Jute-Abaca-Jute (AJAJ), Abaca-Jute-Abaca (AJJA), and Jute-Abaca-Abaca-Jute (JAAJ) vinyl ester composites, the Abaca-Jute-Jute-Abaca (AJJA) composites showed higher tensile modulus and strength by 23–33%, the flexural modulus and strength by 3–22%, the impact behavior, and ILSS strength by 11–33%. These benefits could be attributed to the presence of abaca fiber on the exterior of lami-nates. Fractography studies revealed that the fiber-resin bonding was superior. AJJA composites were found to be stronger than commonly used plastics in automobile interiors, making them a promising alternative. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2024.
Impact of ply stacking sequence on the mechanical response of hybrid Jute-Banana fiber phenoplast composites
(Institute of Physics, 2024) Maruthi Prashanth, B.H.; Ramesh, S.; Shivakumar Gouda, P.S.S.; Naik, G.M.; Sharma, P.; Jagadeesh, C.; Mahantesh, M.M.; Anne, G.
Natural fiber composites are increasingly gaining popularity as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic fibers. Incorporating a variety of fibers enhances mechanical properties. The arrangement of fibers plays a crucial role in determining the mechanical characteristics of laminate composites. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to investigate how the stacking order of jute (J) and banana (B) fibers affects the mechanical behaviour of composites made from phenolic resins. Four different fiber mat stacking sequences (J/B/B/J, B/J/J/B, J/B/J/B, and J/J/B/B) were used for developing the eco-fiber composites using the heat-press technique. Several mechanical parameters were assessed, including tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS). The experimental results indicated that the JBBJ composite exhibits superior tensile strength (46.65 MPa) and modulus (993 MPa) compared to the other composites due to the presence of high-strength jute fibers on the surface. Additionally, the flexural strength of the JBBJ composite (87.24 MPa) was found to be noteworthy. It was observed that the impact strength of jute fibers surpasses that of banana fibers. Consequently, the JBBJ composite demonstrates higher values for energy absorption (0.482 J) and impact strength (120 J m−1) compared to the other composites tested. Moreover, the JBBJ composite displays higher inter-laminar shear strength and hardness values compared to BJJB, JBJB, and JJBB by 30%, 35%, and 43%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope microphotographs reveal strong correlational fracture failure mechanisms, indicative of improved mechanical properties in the JBBJ composite. Based on the experimental results, it is evident that the JBBJ composite can be utilized in lightweight applications. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.
Influence of Chloride Content and Exposure Time on Corrosion Behavior of AZ80 Wrought Mg Alloy
(Springer Nature, 2020) Gote, G.D.; Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, S.
This study aims to investigate the corrosion behavior of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloys in different chloride ion concentrations and exposure time. During the study, the effect of exposure time and chloride content on the corrosion resistance of AZ80 wrought Mg alloy has been studied with 2, 3.5, and 5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution for 12 h and 24 h exposure time. Charge transfer resistance for each sample was established using the Nyquist plot and corrosion rate obtained from polarization curve by adopting Tafel extrapolation method. Corrosion morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy and XRD. The study revealed that corrosion product layer formed at initial stage was observed unstable after short exposure time which results in decrease in corrosion resistance at initial stage. An increase of chloride content in aqueous environment reduces the corrosion resistance of AZ80 wrought Mg alloy. © 2020, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
Influence of ECAP processing routes on microstructure mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of AZ80Mg alloy
(American Institute of Physics Inc. subs@aip.org, 2019) Naik, G.M.; Narendranath, S.; Kumar, S.S.S.
Wrought magnesium alloys are a potential material for automobile, aerospace, marine and electronics industries because of less density, higher specific strength, damping characteristics and electromagnetic shielding properties. In spite of this interest, Mg alloys have not been extensively utilized owing to their poor mechanical behavior and corrosion resistance in comparison to other lightweight materials. However, the literature clearly indicated that mechanical behavior and corrosion performance of Mg alloys can be improved through equal channel angular pressing method. Therefore, In this paper made an attempt to examine the influence of ECAP processing route Bc and R on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion performance of AZ80Mg alloy at 390Â°C isothermal processing temperature. The microstructural and morphology analysis is made through OM and SEM respectively. The electrochemical polarization experiments was conducted to investigate the corrosion resistance of AZ80 alloy after processing it through route Bc and R. Results revealed that a significant increase in tensile strength, % elongation and corrosion resistance can be attained depending on the selected ECAP processing route. Â© 2019 Author(s).
Influence of slide burnishing process on the surface characteristics of precipitation hardenable steel
(Springer Nature, 2021) Sachin, B.; Rao, C.M.; Naik, G.M.; Puneet, N.P.
The surface integrity of the material is the predominant necessity of a component to perform efficiently in varying working conditions. To improve the surface integrity of the workpiece secondary finishing processes are being performed. This work attempts to propose a realistic cryogenic slide burnishing condition for improvement of the surface integrity. The slide burnishing was performed by a novel slide burnishing tool on 17–4 precipitation hardenable stainless steel. The experiment was designed based on a central composite design. Initially, the effect of control parameters on the output response was examined by experimental analysis based on the design of experiment. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the influence of the variables on the performance indices. The regression technique was used to develop an empirical model. Optimization of process parameters for finding minimum surface roughness and maximum surface hardness was achieved by a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The optimized solutions were validated by performing confirmation experiments. © 2021, The Author(s).
Investigation of Tribological Characteristics of Cu-Ti Alloys Processed by Multi-Axial Cryo-Forging
(Springer, 2022) Ramesh, S.; Shivananda Nayaka, H.S.; Anne, G.; Arun, M.N.; Naik, G.M.
Cu-XTi alloys (X = 1.5 and 4.5%) were subjected to multi-axial forging (MAF) under cryogenic condition up to three passes successfully. Characteristics of the MAF-processed alloys were analyzed using microstructural analysis, hardness and wear tests. Worn surface morphology and elemental analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The hardness of samples increases with higher MAF passes due to strain hardening and grain refinement. Wear test was done for six various sliding distances (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500 and 3000 m), two different loads (10 and 20 N), and two different velocities (1 and 2 m/s) using the pin-on-disk wear test rig. Wear loss of as-received samples is higher than MAF-pressed samples due to an increase in hardness, but wear loss increases as the load increases. Coefficient of friction is reduced with the increase in MAF pass, which is due to strain hardening effect. The worn surface exhibits the plastic deformation regions, delamination, plowing and formation of oxide layers, which was revealed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Also, MAF-processed samples exhibited abrasive wear mechanism as a result of formation of oxygen layer as revealed in SEM micrographs. © 2022, ASM International.
Microstructural and Hardness evolution of AZ80 alloy after ECAP and post-ECAP processes
(2018) Naik, G.M.; Gote, G.D.; Narendranath, S.
This research paper investigates the microstructure evolution and hardness variation of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloy after each ECAP passes. The strengthening effect of AZ80 alloy was examined after post-ECAP aging treatment. Alloys were severely deformed through equal channel angular press at 533K using route Bc with a die channel angle (?) 1100 and corner angle (?) 300. Subsequently, the microstructural characterization was studied using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, post-ECAP aging treatment at 523K for 6h and 12h was performed and microhardness of the specimens was measured. It was found that the grain refinement through thermo-mechanical processing of ECAP and Post-ECAP treatment significantly improves the microhardness of the Mg alloy, which directly influences the properties of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloy. � 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microstructural and Hardness evolution of AZ80 alloy after ECAP and post-ECAP processes
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Naik, G.M.; Gote, G.D.; Narendranath, S.
This research paper investigates the microstructure evolution and hardness variation of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloy after each ECAP passes. The strengthening effect of AZ80 alloy was examined after post-ECAP aging treatment. Alloys were severely deformed through equal channel angular press at 533K using route Bc with a die channel angle (Ï†) 1100 and corner angle (Ïˆ) 300. Subsequently, the microstructural characterization was studied using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Further, post-ECAP aging treatment at 523K for 6h and 12h was performed and microhardness of the specimens was measured. It was found that the grain refinement through thermo-mechanical processing of ECAP and Post-ECAP treatment significantly improves the microhardness of the Mg alloy, which directly influences the properties of wrought AZ80 magnesium alloy. Â© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy processed by multi-directional cryo-forging
(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Ramesh, S.; Anne, G.; Naik, G.M.; Jagadeesh, C.; Shivananda Nayaka, H.S.
Aim of the present investigation is to study the microstructural and mechanical properties of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy before and after multi-direction forging (MDF) at cryogenic condition up to 3 cycles. Microstructure evolution of specimen was examined using optical microscope and orientation imaging microscopy as well as X-ray diffraction. Mechanical properties were measured by tensile test and Vickers micro hardness. Microstructural investigation shows that after 3 cycle of MDF average grain size was reduced to 8 Î¼m with low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) and high dislocation density. Mechanical examination displays an improvement in hardness, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength is due to increases in grain boundaries and strain hardening effect. After 3 cycles of MDF process with cumulative strain Ï‚Î”Ïµ = 3.64 led to the formation of fine grain structure, and microhardness were observed to be 168 HV. Â© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Microstructure and Corrosion behavior of wrought AZ80 Mg alloys after the combined processes of ECAP and Hot Rolling
(2019) Naik, G.M.; Gote, G.D.; Narendranath, S.; Satheesh, Kumar, S.S.
In the current work, wrought AZ80 Mg alloys were subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) followed by hot rolling (HR). Then, combined effects of ECAP and HR on microstructure and electrochemical corrosion behavior were investigated in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution. The microstructure and corrosion morphology study was made through optical and scanning electron microscope respectively. The results show that the use of hot rolling after ECAP significantly decreases the grain size compared to as-received and ECAP-4 pass processed Mg alloys. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization results have shown that the hot rolling of AZ80 Mg alloy after ECAP exhibited lower corrosion current and higher corrosion resistance is due to fine grain microstructure and continuous and uniform distribution of secondary phases. This was evidently observed during this study. � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.