Browsing by Author "Nagaraj, M.K."

Now showing 1 - 20 of 31

Age-based classification of arecanut crops: a case study of Channagiri, Karnataka, India
(2016) Bhojaraja, B.E.; Shetty, A.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Manju, P.
Arecanut is one of the predominant plantation crop grown in India. Yield of this crop depends upon age of the crop and there is no information on the spectral behaviour of arecanut crops across its ages. In this study popular supervised classification algorithms were utilized for age discrimination of arecanut crops using Hyperion imagery. Arecanut plantations selected for the study are located in Channagiri Taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka state, India. Ground truth information collected involves: (i) GPS coordinates of selected plots, (ii) spectral reflectance of arecanut crops with age ranging from 1 to 50 years, using handheld spectroradiometer with 1 nm spectral resolution. These spectral measurements were made close in time to the acquisition of Hyperion imagery to build age-based spectral library. It is observed from the analysis that crops of ages below 3, 3 7, 8 15 and above 15 years were showing distinct spectral behaviour. Accordingly, crops age ranging from 1 to 50 were grouped into four classes. Classification of arecanut crops based on age groups was performed using methods like spectral angle mapper, support vector machine and minimum distance classifier, and were compared to find the most suitable method. Among the classification methods adopted, support vector machine with linear kernel function resulted in most accurate classification method with overall accuracy of 72% for within class seperability. Individual age group classification producer s accuracy varied minimum of 12.5% for 3 7 years age group and maximum of 86.25% for above 15 years age group. It may be concluded that, not only age- based arecanut crop classification is possible, but also it is possible to develop age-based spectral library for plantation crop like arecanut. 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Age-based classification of arecanut crops: a case study of Channagiri, Karnataka, India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd. michael.wagreich@univie.ac.at, 2016) Bhojaraja, B.E.; Shetty, A.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Manju, P.
Arecanut is one of the predominant plantation crop grown in India. Yield of this crop depends upon age of the crop and there is no information on the spectral behaviour of arecanut crops across its ages. In this study popular supervised classification algorithms were utilized for age discrimination of arecanut crops using Hyperion imagery. Arecanut plantations selected for the study are located in Channagiri Taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka state, India. Ground truth information collected involves: (i) GPS coordinates of selected plots, (ii) spectral reflectance of arecanut crops with age ranging from 1 to 50 years, using handheld spectroradiometer with 1 nm spectral resolution. These spectral measurements were made close in time to the acquisition of Hyperion imagery to build age-based spectral library. It is observed from the analysis that crops of ages below 3, 3–7, 8–15 and above 15 years were showing distinct spectral behaviour. Accordingly, crops age ranging from 1 to 50 were grouped into four classes. Classification of arecanut crops based on age groups was performed using methods like spectral angle mapper, support vector machine and minimum distance classifier, and were compared to find the most suitable method. Among the classification methods adopted, support vector machine with linear kernel function resulted in most accurate classification method with overall accuracy of 72% for within class seperability. Individual age group classification producer’s accuracy varied minimum of 12.5% for 3–7 years age group and maximum of 86.25% for above 15 years age group. It may be concluded that, not only age- based arecanut crop classification is possible, but also it is possible to develop age-based spectral library for plantation crop like arecanut. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.
Assessment of consumption and availability of water in the upper Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia
(2020) Nesru, M.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Shetty, A.
Understanding water balance components is imperative for proper policy and decision making, specifically in the upper part of the Omo-Gibe basin (UOGB) Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility of assessing consumption and availability of water using freely available satellite data and secondary data. Using twenty-three rain gauge stations data, a spatial average of rainfall was computed using the Thiessen polygon approach. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was estimated through the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS). Input data used are, 16 clouds free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images covering the study area for estimation of the spatial distribution of actual evapotranspiration covering the whole cropping year from the months of November 2003 to October 2004. Additionally, Priestly and Taylor s approach was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0). For the study period, the result of estimated precipitation and ETa showed that the UOGB received 41,080 mm3 of precipitation, while 24,135 mm3 become evapotranspired. The assessed outflow from the basin is 17.6% of the precipitation and demonstrated that water is a scares resource in the UOGB. 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences.
Assessment of consumption and availability of water in the upper Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia
(Springer, 2020) Nesru, M.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Shetty, A.
Understanding water balance components is imperative for proper policy and decision making, specifically in the upper part of the Omo-Gibe basin (UOGB) Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to explore the possibility of assessing consumption and availability of water using freely available satellite data and secondary data. Using twenty-three rain gauge stations data, a spatial average of rainfall was computed using the Thiessen polygon approach. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was estimated through the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS). Input data used are, 16 clouds free Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images covering the study area for estimation of the spatial distribution of actual evapotranspiration covering the whole cropping year from the months of November 2003 to October 2004. Additionally, Priestly and Taylor’s approach was used to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ET0). For the study period, the result of estimated precipitation and ETa showed that the UOGB received 41,080 mm3 of precipitation, while 24,135 mm3 become evapotranspired. The assessed outflow from the basin is 17.6% of the precipitation and demonstrated that water is a scares resource in the UOGB. © 2019, Saudi Society for Geosciences.
Assessment of Interactions between River and Aquifer in the Gowri-hole Sub-catchment
(2018) Harish, Kumar, S.; Nagaraj, M.K.
Surface water interacts with groundwater in many types of physiographic and hydrogeological conditions. Exchange of water varies spatially and temporally due to the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Interactions between a river and the underlying aquifer systems are often difficult to observe and measure. The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of river-aquifer interactions in the Gowri hole sub-catchment and quantify the amount of flow exchange between river and aquifer. In the study, a new conceptual model is developed using RIVER package of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction processes. The subcatchment of Gowri hole, which is a tributary of Kumaradhara river spread across an area of 134 km2 is considered. The model was calibrated from June 2004 to May 2010 under the transient condition with a daily step input of all necessary hydro-geological data. The calibrated model was validated from June 2010 to October 2012 from two monthly observation wells of Department of Mines and Geology and one seasonal observation well of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Gowri hole acted as a gaining river during the monsoons due to aquifer discharge and acted as a losing river due to river leakage during post-monsoon and summer months. River leakage continued to occur upto the end of summer months resulting in fragmentation of few river segments. Aquifer discharge sustained to exist even in the summer period avoiding the low flow river segments from drying. 2018, Geological Society of India.
Assessment of Interactions between River and Aquifer in the Gowri-hole Sub-catchment
(Geological Society of India, 2018) Harish Kumar, S.; Nagaraj, M.K.
Surface water interacts with groundwater in many types of physiographic and hydrogeological conditions. Exchange of water varies spatially and temporally due to the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors. Interactions between a river and the underlying aquifer systems are often difficult to observe and measure. The objective of the present study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of river-aquifer interactions in the Gowri hole sub-catchment and quantify the amount of flow exchange between river and aquifer. In the study, a new conceptual model is developed using RIVER package of Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modular Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) for the simulation of river-aquifer interaction processes. The subcatchment of Gowri hole, which is a tributary of Kumaradhara river spread across an area of 134 km2 is considered. The model was calibrated from June 2004 to May 2010 under the transient condition with a daily step input of all necessary hydro-geological data. The calibrated model was validated from June 2010 to October 2012 from two monthly observation wells of Department of Mines and Geology and one seasonal observation well of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). Gowri hole acted as a gaining river during the monsoons due to aquifer discharge and acted as a losing river due to river leakage during post-monsoon and summer months. River leakage continued to occur upto the end of summer months resulting in fragmentation of few river segments. Aquifer discharge sustained to exist even in the summer period avoiding the low flow river segments from drying. © 2018, Geological Society of India.
Changes in soil and water quality parameters in selected shrimp culture ponds and its influence on shrimp production
(2010) Varadaraju, S.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Badami, S.H.
Changes in soil and water quality parameters during culture and its influence on growth of shrimps were studied in five shrimp culture ponds along the coastline of Udupi District of Karnataka. Water and soil properties of the ponds were within the permissible limits required for shrimp culture during the study period. An attempt made to correlate soil and water quality parameters with growth of shrimps revealed that water quality parameters namely pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were found to be significantly affecting the shrimp production. Soil parameters viz., pH and electrical conductivity were found to be significantly influencing the growth of shrimps.
Changes in soil and water quality parameters in selected shrimp culture ponds and its influence on shrimp production
(2010) Varadaraju, S.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Badami, S.H.
Changes in soil and water quality parameters during culture and its influence on growth of shrimps were studied in five shrimp culture ponds along the coastline of Udupi District of Karnataka. Water and soil properties of the ponds were within the permissible limits required for shrimp culture during the study period. An attempt made to correlate soil and water quality parameters with growth of shrimps revealed that water quality parameters namely pH, dissolved oxygen and temperature were found to be significantly affecting the shrimp production. Soil parameters viz., pH and electrical conductivity were found to be significantly influencing the growth of shrimps.
Combined optimisation simulation model for groundwater management policy options
(2007) Yaragal, S.C.; Nagaraj, M.K.
Water resources system being quite complex in-nature, modelling involves several variables and parameters. A large number of models have been developed for analysis of water resources system. Most of the models developed are of simulation optimisation type. In general water management models which generally use the governing partial differential equation of now, the problem is formulated using either finite difference techniques or finite element method. In this paper, a hybrid model is formulated which simulates the groundwater system and optimises the same. The model developed has been used to study the effects of variation in pumping factors on the optimal values and on the yearly yield from the system, for a chosen pattern of pumping. The model has been analysed for three different boundary conditions. The aquifer model is descritised into 64 grids and a particular pumping pattern is chosen in the present study. The governing partial differential equation for groundwater now is reduced to algebraic linear equations using finite differences scheme and they are then embedded as a set of constraints in the model. For the chosen pumping pattern, the pumping factor plays a key role, depending on the boundary conditions, in achieving an optimum solution. Here, minimisation of heads is considered for optimisation. The model helps in simulating a complex groundwater system and evaluating certain policy for groundwater management.
Combined optimisation simulation model for groundwater management policy options
(2007) Yaragal, S.C.; Nagaraj, M.K.
Water resources system being quite complex in-nature, modelling involves several variables and parameters. A large number of models have been developed for analysis of water resources system. Most of the models developed are of simulation optimisation type. In general water management models which generally use the governing partial differential equation of now, the problem is formulated using either finite difference techniques or finite element method. In this paper, a hybrid model is formulated which simulates the groundwater system and optimises the same. The model developed has been used to study the effects of variation in pumping factors on the optimal values and on the yearly yield from the system, for a chosen pattern of pumping. The model has been analysed for three different boundary conditions. The aquifer model is descritised into 64 grids and a particular pumping pattern is chosen in the present study. The governing partial differential equation for groundwater now is reduced to algebraic linear equations using finite differences scheme and they are then embedded as a set of constraints in the model. For the chosen pumping pattern, the pumping factor plays a key role, depending on the boundary conditions, in achieving an optimum solution. Here, minimisation of heads is considered for optimisation. The model helps in simulating a complex groundwater system and evaluating certain policy for groundwater management.
Demonstration of structure-from-motion (SfM) and multi-view stereo (MVS) close range photogrammetry technique for scour hole analysis
(Springer, 2021) Mali, V.K.; Venu, P.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Kuiry, S.N.
Comprehensive data collection remains a challenge in the field of sediment research. The manual acquisition of fine-gridded data is almost infeasible even for a laboratory setup. Therefore, this paper demonstrates a simple and cost-effective SfM–MVS technique to acquire accurate morphological data. This data further can be used for assessing the scour development around a bridge pier. For this purpose, the experiments are conducted for clear-water scour around circular and hexagonal piers for three different discharges. Before the start of the experimental run, a set of overlapped images is taken using the digital camera. Once the experiment run is completed, the water in the flume is completely drained off and then again another set of overlapped photos are taken. A total of eight ground control points (GCPs) is used to transform the generated relative three-dimensional cloud points to the absolute local coordinate system. Eventually, the high-spatial resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) are generated using the SfM–MVS photogrammetry technique. A statistical analysis is performed between the checkpoints (observed data) and DEM predicted points, which revealed that the generated DEMs show high accuracy in all the cases. It is therefore concluded that the SfM–MVS technique can be applied to understand the morghological changes around any shape of the piers. Thus, the proposed image analysis method can be adopted for obtaining the high spatial resolution data for sediment transport research. © 2021, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Effect of grooves on the static strength of tubular T joints of offshore jacket structures
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Murugan, N.; Kaliveeran, V.; Nagaraj, M.K.
The present research work deals with effect of grooves on static strength and stiffness of tubular T joints of offshore jacket structures. Tubular structures are commonly employed in offshore jacket platforms due to better mechanical properties and economic advantages. The tubular T model considered for this study has chord dimensions of 1000 mm length, diameter 102 mm and thickness 5 mm and brace dimensions of 388 mm length, diameter 55 mm and thickness 4 mm. Material used for present analysis is Steel with Young's modulus of 210 GPa and the Poisson ratio of 0.3. Three-dimensional finite element analysis has been carried out to investigate the effect of grooves placed over thickened chord section on the static strength of tubular T joints subjected to axial compressive load. In the present study, unstiffened tubular T joint is analysed and compared with stiffened tubular T joints to observe the improvement in the static strength of the tubular T joints. The groove configurations considered are: 5 circumferential grooves at 16.5 mm spacing, 3 circumferential grooves at 16.5 mm spacing and 3 circumferential grooves at 33 mm spacing. The grooves were having the dimension of 1 Ã— 1 mm, 2 Ã— 2 mm were used for the analysis. The joint local stiffness of ungrooved tubular T joint is 116.43 N/mm. The grooved configuration increases the joint local stiffness by more than 250 percent. Â© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of roughness coefficient on discharge and flow depth by using hydraulic model for nethravathi river Basin, India
(Inderscience Publishers, 2021) Kappadi, P.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Deka, P.C.
The river stage and discharge are dynamic due to various factors affecting the flow characteristics in a natural channel. The channel roughness plays an important role since it is not a constant parameter and varies along the length of the river. The objective of the present study is to assess the variation of Manning's roughness coefficient on flow characteristics of Nethravathi River. In the study, 1D Saint-Venant equation-based HEC-RAS hydraulic model was used to simulate the effect of roughness coefficient (Manning's coefficient n) on discharge and stage of river flow. The model result showed good consensus between model computed flow discharge values and observed flow discharge measured at downstream gauging station. The study found that the computed stage values increased whereas the associated peak discharge decreased with the increase in Manning's roughness coefficient. The stage-discharge rating curves revealed that Manning's n value is relatively more sensitive at higher discharge values. © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Flood estimation at ungauged catchments of western catchments of Karnataka, West coast of India
(Taylor and Francis Ltd. michael.wagreich@univie.ac.at, 2019) Amaranatha Reddy, N.A.; Seelam, J.K.; Rao, S.; Nagaraj, M.K.
Many catchments in India are devoid of gauging stations. In the absence of measurements of stream flow, regional rainfall-runoff relationships developed over a hydro-meteorologically similar region may be used to estimate flood discharge at ungauged catchments. This study includes testing of different methods wherein a representative basin could be used to develop a Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) within its hydro-meteorological similar region. Derivation of SUH using Central Water Commission (CWC) flood estimation was tested on 13 catchments for Konkan and Malabar coasts on the west coast of India. The five methods are (i) CWC Dimensionless approach, (ii) Snyder method, (iii) SCS method, (iv) Two Parameter Gamma Distribution method and (v) Hybrid model. Inter-comparison of the SUHs and unit hydrographs derived from precipitation data is carried out. Amongst all methods tested the Two parameter Gamma Distribution method and Hybrid model satisfies the Unit Hydrograph criterion whereas, traditional methods of Snyder, SCS, CWC-SUH and CWC dimensionless methods require manual adjustments of the characteristics points and have a significant degree of subjectivity and trial and error. The above-said methods including CWC method are used to estimate flood discharge at ungauged catchments of the coastal districts along Karnataka coastline. © 2018, © 2018 Indian Society for Hydraulics.
Ground water potential assessment of Haladi River basin in Westernghat of Udupi district, Karnataka, India
(2013) Mahadeve, Gowda, S.K.; Nagaraj, M.K.
For a sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation of the available water resources. It is necessary to maintain the groundwater reservoir in a state of Dynamic equilibrium over a period of time and the water level fluctuations have to be kept within a particular range over the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Groundwater is a dynamic system. The total annual replenishable resource is around 43 M ha-m. The development and over-exploitation of groundwater resources have raised the concern and need for judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. Among the two major water resources, surface and ground water, it is the ground water resource, which needs to be managed carefully, especially in drought prone areas. To assess the groundwater potential, a suitable and accurate technique is required for a meaningful and objective analysis. A critical study is carried out on the different methods of estimating the groundwater potential and compared to arrive the most suitable technique for practical utility. In this work, five methods of estimating groundwater recharge were studied viz., 1. Yearly water level fluctuation 2. Ten year average water level fluctuation 3. Fluctuation between the lowest and highest water levels over ten years 4. Relationship between rainfall and recharge Method. The results of this study helps in accurate prediction of groundwater availability, which in turn may avoid groundwater over exploitation and help to restore the eco-systems. 2013 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.
Ground water potential assessment of Haladi River basin in Westernghat of Udupi district, Karnataka, India
(2013) Mahadeve Gowda, S.K.; Nagaraj, M.K.
For a sustainable development of water resources, it is imperative to make a quantitative estimation of the available water resources. It is necessary to maintain the groundwater reservoir in a state of Dynamic equilibrium over a period of time and the water level fluctuations have to be kept within a particular range over the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons. Groundwater is a dynamic system. The total annual replenishable resource is around 43 M ha-m. The development and over-exploitation of groundwater resources have raised the concern and need for judicious and scientific resource management and conservation. Among the two major water resources, surface and ground water, it is the ground water resource, which needs to be managed carefully, especially in drought prone areas. To assess the groundwater potential, a suitable and accurate technique is required for a meaningful and objective analysis. A critical study is carried out on the different methods of estimating the groundwater potential and compared to arrive the most suitable technique for practical utility. In this work, five methods of estimating groundwater recharge were studied viz., 1. Yearly water level fluctuation 2. Ten year average water level fluctuation 3. Fluctuation between the lowest and highest water levels over ten years 4. Relationship between rainfall and recharge Method. The results of this study helps in accurate prediction of groundwater availability, which in turn may avoid groundwater over exploitation and help to restore the eco-systems. © 2013 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY.
Hydraulic Modeling of River Discharge Subjected to Change in Riverbed Morphology
(Springer, 2020) Kappadi, P.; Nagaraj, M.K.
In natural channels such as rivers, the flow behavior is highly complicated phenomenon due to unsteady and nonuniform flow. Hydraulic modeling is essential for the study of characteristics of unsteady flow in rivers. Changes in riverbed morphology influence the increase in depth of flow in rivers. In the present study, the roughness coefficient is varied to match the natural condition. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of the change in riverbed morphology on the river discharge using a hydraulic model. The study is carried out using the Hydrologic Engineering Center—River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). A river length of 12 km of the Nethravathi river regime, Karnataka from Uppinangadi to Bantwal is considered for the study. Daily river stage and discharge data are collected from Central Water Commission (CWC) gaged at Bantwal station. GIS interface of HEC-GeoRAS is also used to extract the cross section, bed slope, and length of the river channel from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of resolution 30 m. The cross sections are represented for each kilometer length of the river. Since accurate data is unavailable in the study area, cross sections are simplified. HEC-RAS model was used for the simulation of surface water levels and discharge values. Manning’s roughness coefficient and river cross sections were defined for the calibration of observed river stage and discharge data. The predicted discharge was in good agreement with that of the observed discharge value. Study results illustrated that accuracy of predicted maximum water depth, and surface water level depends upon the precise representation of Manning’s roughness. The study is useful for the prediction of the flood dynamics in the river regime with the change in riverbed morphology. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020.
Impact assessment of watershed development programme - A case study of Itagi watershed
(2010) Palakshappa, K.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Shivapur, A.V.
Soil, water and vegetation are the important gifts of nature to mankind. Welfare and development of mankind and its civilization revolves around conservation and development of these vital natural resources, which are so interdependent that one can not be managed efficiently without the other two. Watershed Development Programs (WDP) going on in India basically as soil and water conservative programs (as a policy response to the increasing environmental crisis and non-sustainability of agriculture especially in the dry land/semi-arid regions) has modified substantially with the introduction of watershed guidelines in 1994 by the Government of India. In the present study the area considered for assessment is Itagi sub watershed in Ranebennur taluk, Haveri district, Karnataka. During the watershed development programme soil and water conservation structures were constructed in the study area in the year 2004. The analysis of data reveals that there is an improvement in the groundwater recharge, increase in yield of the wells, increase in agricultural production, reduction in soil erosion and many other tangible and intangible benefits as a result of this watershed development programme. 2010 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.
Impact assessment of watershed development programme - A case study of Itagi watershed
(2010) Palakshappa, K.; Nagaraj, M.K.; Shivapur, A.V.
Soil, water and vegetation are the important gifts of nature to mankind. Welfare and development of mankind and its civilization revolves around conservation and development of these vital natural resources, which are so interdependent that one can not be managed efficiently without the other two. Watershed Development Programs (WDP) going on in India basically as soil and water conservative programs (as a policy response to the increasing environmental crisis and non-sustainability of agriculture especially in the dry land/semi-arid regions) has modified substantially with the introduction of watershed guidelines in 1994 by the Government of India. In the present study the area considered for assessment is Itagi sub watershed in Ranebennur taluk, Haveri district, Karnataka. During the watershed development programme soil and water conservation structures were constructed in the study area in the year 2004. The analysis of data reveals that there is an improvement in the groundwater recharge, increase in yield of the wells, increase in agricultural production, reduction in soil erosion and many other tangible and intangible benefits as a result of this watershed development programme. © 2010 CAFET-INNOVA TECHNICAL SOCIETY. All rights reserved.
Multi-variable calibration of hydrological model in the upper Omo-Gibe basin, Ethiopia
(Springer, 2020) Nesru, M.; Shetty, A.; Nagaraj, M.K.
The calibration of any hydrological model in any river basin is generally performed using a single hydrological variable. Spatially distributed hydrological modeling provides an opportunity to enhance the use of multi-variable calibration models. The objective of this study is to test the efficiency of satellite-based actual evapotranspiration in the HBV hydrological model to render the catchment water balance using multi-variable calibration in the upper Omo-Gibe basin in Ethiopia. Five years (2000–2004) meteorological data, streamflow, and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) based on remote sensing were used for calibration and validation purposes. The performance of the HBV model and the efficiency of SEBS–ETa were evaluated using certain calibration criteria (objective function). The model is first calibrated using only streamflow data to test HBV model performance and then calibrated using a multi-variable (streamflow and ETa) dataset to evaluate the efficiency of SEBS–ETa. Both model setups were validated in a multi-variable evaluation using streamflow and ETa data. In the first case, the model performed well enough for streamflow and poor for ETa, while in the latter case, the performance efficiency of SEBS–ETa and streamflow data shows satisfactory to good. This implies that the performance of hydrological models is enhanced by employing multi-variable calibration. © 2020, Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences & Polish Academy of Sciences.