Browsing by Author "Majumder, B."

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A novel beam steering dipole antenna using phase varying metasurface as reflector
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Majumder, B.; Mukherjee, J.; Kandasamy, K.; Ray, K.P.
In this paper a simulation based study of a novel continuously beam steerable antenna is presented using a tunable metasurface as phase varying reflector. The antenna radiation pattern can be changed by changing the state of the diodes loaded in the phase varying reflector. A planar dipole antenna is used to excite the tunable reflector. By this technique the antenna beam can be steered from +300 to -300 in the broadside direction depending on the operating state of the diodes. Moreover, the state of the diodes can be addressed digitally and hence a steep gradient in phase can be achieved in the reflector. The antenna radiation pattern and the gain has been found stable all over its states. Â© 2017 IEEE.
A Tunable Frequency Selective Surface for Band Pass and Band Stop Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Goud, M.G.; Paul, P.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
In this work, a low-profile reconfigurable frequency selective surface capable of dynamically tuning the frequencies for band-pass and band-stop filtering applications is proposed. To realize this, a single-layered FSS is designed with tapered metal strips separated by a central gap and square metal patches positioned at the corners. Two PIN diodes are embedded in both the top and bottom layers. They are positioned at the center of the 45Â°-oriented metal strips, and for the frequency tuning, at least one of the diodes must be in the ON state. When both the diodes are ON, the tunable metasurface exhibits band-pass characteristics from 8.56- 14.8 GHz and band-stop characteristics from 3.08- 5.2 GHz. Similarly, when the PIN diode is in OFF state, the transmission window is from 6.25-8.1 GHz and band-stop window is from 3.1-4.3 GHz. With these transmission and reflection characteristics, the proposed work is best suitable for wireless and radar applications. Â© 2024 International Radio Science Union (URSI).
A Zero Index Based Meta-Lens Loaded Wideband Directive Antenna Combined with Reactive Impedance Surface
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2018) Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.; Ray, K.P.
In this paper, an aperture efficient wideband high-gain patch antenna is designed using a novel multilayer-based metamaterial structure combined with a reactive impedance surface (RIS)-backed patch antenna. The metamaterial unit cell is a two-layer structure which is stacked one after other to form the overall unit cell. The microscopic behavior of the proposed unit cell has been investigated. This unit cell gives low refractive index over a wide bandwidth with a negligible loss. An RIS-backed patch antenna has been designed in the required frequency band to feed the multilayer zero-index metamaterial medium. The introduction of this surface is to provide unidirectional radiation over a wideband in the zero refractive index region. The proposed antenna gives a 14% fractional bandwidth over the $C$ - and $X$ -bands. The proposed antenna enhances the peak gain of the conventional patch antenna by an amount of 8.5 dB at 8 GHz. Finally, the antenna has been fabricated and its performance is verified experimentally. © 2013 IEEE.
Active Multifunctional Reflective Metasurface for Linear to Cross and Linear to Circular Polarization Conversion Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Goud, R.M.; Paul, P.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
A low-profile reconfigurable reflective metasurface capable of dynamically switching polarization conversion functionalities is proposed in this work. To realize this, a single-layered metasurface comprising tapered rectangular metal strips oriented diagonally with a Z-shaped conducting strip in the middle and L-shaped metal strips along the corners is etched on a substrate backed by a conducting layer. A diode is positioned at the center of the diagonally oriented structure, and the switching is controlled using a radial stub-based DC biasing circuit. When the PIN diode is turned OFF, the tunable metasurface reflects cross-polarized waves in the frequency spectrum ranging from 12.3- 15.5 GHz, whereas, in the ON state, it converts linear polarized waves into orthogonally polarized waves from 14.83- 15.83 GHz, also converts linear to left-handed and right-handed circular polarization with an axial ratio of less than 3 dB across four distinct frequency bands. The 45Â° orientation of the metallic layer makes the structure polarization-independent and can be best used for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction and future wireless and satellite communications simultaneously. Â© 2024 IEEE.
An ultra-broadband low profile modified chessboard metasurface with improved backscattering reduction
(Elsevier B.V., 2025) Goud, M.G.; Paul, P.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
Building upon the concepts of polarization conversion and the mechanism of destructive interference, a single-layered ultra-broadband metasurface for radar cross-section (RCS) or backscattering reduction is proposed in this work. A diffusion-assisted checkerboard metasurface with re-tailored unit cells at the center leads to a significant improvement in the stealth characteristics. For this, a low profile and less complex unit cell is proposed, comprising a long metallic strip along the diagonal and two thin horizontal stubs at the edges. This unique arrangement exhibits more than 90% polarization conversion efficiency from 13.2 to 38.2 GHz. Modifying the geometry of central elements in a conventional checkerboard metasurface achieves a minimum of 15 dB RCS reduction from 10 to 38 GHz. Also, as we ascend the frequency spectrum, the beams are scattered in unintended directions with reduced signal strength. Notably, there is no beam in the boresight direction, as opposed to the conventional chessboard configurations. For off-normal incidences, the metasurface exhibits good angular stability, and a minimum of 10 dB backscattering reduction is maintained up to an incidence angle variation of 60°. The final optimized fabricated prototype exhibits measurement results that agree with the simulation results for normal and wide-angle incidences. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.
An ultra-broadband polarization conversion metasurface for enhanced stealth and RCS mitigation in MIMO configurations
(Elsevier GmbH, 2025) Goud, M.G.; Paul, P.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
A single-layer broadband metasurface for efficient cross-polarization conversion, aiming at improving the stealth performance of a MIMO antenna, is proposed in this work. A low-profile, minimally complex meta-atom and its mirror image are proposed, featuring a diagonal metallic strip and two narrow horizontal edge strips. This configuration achieves more than 90 % polarization conversion efficiency while maintaining an absolute 180-degree phase gradient between the reflected waves of the two meta-atoms. A chessboard metasurface with 10x10 elements, constructed with the proposed meta-atom and mirror image, is integrated with the slot antenna-based MIMO configuration. A slot antenna is orthogonally arranged to form a four-element MIMO configuration, ensuring high isolation exceeding 25 dB between the individual elements. The realized peak gain of this arrangement is 6.95 dBi radiating orthogonally. Monostatic, bistatic, and 3D scattering patterns of a MIMO configuration with and without metasurface are evaluated. Under oblique incidence, the metasurface demonstrates exceptional angular stability, maintaining a minimum RCS reduction of 10 dB for incidence angles up to 60°. The fabricated and optimized prototype exhibits measurement outcomes that closely correspond to the simulation results for normal and oblique incidence scenarios. © 2025 Elsevier GmbH
Beam Switchable Compact Retroreflector Based on Dielectric Based Metasurface
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Majumder, B.; Vinnakota, S.S.; Madhusudhan, R.; Kandasamy, K.
In this paper a beam switchable compact retro reflector is proposed based on the dielectric based metasurface structure and numerically verified. The core working principal of this device is lying on the principle of half shorted Luneburg lens designed using a dielectric glide symmetric structure in a parallel plate environment which redirects the electromagnetic ray towards the source but along the direction parallel and opposite to the incident direction. The proposed structure operates between 23 GHz and 25 GHz. The proposed antenna scans up-to maximum 60 degree (Â±30Â°) in the discrete angular space with a uniform gain and reduced scan loss at all its ports. The simulated gain dip is observed to be less than 2 dBi at a fixed frequency across all of its ports. Â© 2023 IEEE.
Broadband Linear to Circular and Multi-Band Cross Polarization Conversion Reflective Metasurface for Ku, K and Ka Band Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Goud, M.; Kandasamy, K.; Majumder, B.
This work proposes a low-profile reflective meta-structure to convert incident linearly polarized (LP) waves to circularly polarized (CP) waves with broadband characteristics and also into cross polarized waves with narrowband characteristics. The unit cell in the proposed design consists of a tapered rectangular metal strip along the diagonal and a square patch at the center. When an X-polarized or Y-polarized wave impinges on the meta-structure, it converts into circular polarization in Ku, K and lower portion of spectrum in the Ka-band. This meta-atom exhibits cross polarization conversion from 10.98-12.15 GHz, 31.62-34.26 GHz and 34.95-37.2 GHz. The dimensions of the optimized unit cell are 0.292 Ã— 0.292 Ã— 0.062 Î»0Â·3 mm (where Î»0 is calculated based on lowest operating frequency) with axial ratio bandwidth 77.76% can be used for the future wireless communication, also when the actual and mirror meta-atom arranged in checkerboard format can be used for RCS reduction application. Â© 2023 IEEE.
Dielectric Metasurface Inspired Directional Multi-Port Luneburg Lens as a Medium for 5G Wireless Power Transfer - A Design Methodology
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022) Majumder, B.; Vinnakota, S.S.; Upadhyay, S.; Kandasamy, K.
In this paper, a novel dielectric metasurface-inspired multi-beam directional Luneburg lens is proposed as a wireless power transfer medium at 5G mm-wave band. The lens is constructed using dielectric-based unit cells made up of a glide symmetric approach. It is connected with a set of microwave detector integrated multi-port tapered rectangular feeds to convert the received RF energy from different directions to DC power across a combined load. The proposed structure can be a potential candidate to harvest ambient energy from a wide coverage range of around 160° and produce a power conversion efficiency of about 76% for an input power of 14.9 dBm at 24 GHz. © 2009-2012 IEEE.
Dispersion-Engineered Transmission Line Loaded Slot Antenna for UWB Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Paul, P.M.; Kandasamy, K.; Sharawi, M.S.; Majumder, B.
A transmission line (TL) loaded, compact, ultrawideband (UWB) square slot antenna is proposed in this letter. The square slot is a microstrip line fed and loaded with an array of periodically perturbed TLs to achieve a UWB response from 2.1 to 11.5 GHz. The slot is designed to resonate at 2.6 GHz. The TLs are dispersion engineered to resonate at several frequencies so as to provide a wideband response. Loading of the engineered TLs on the square slot produced multiple resonances without affecting the fundamental mode of the slot antenna. The proposed antenna design is analyzed using dispersion relations and equivalent circuits. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with a size of 50 × 50 × 1.52 mm3. The antenna performance metrics, such as impedance bandwidth, gain, and efficiency, are experimentally verified. Good agreement is obtained between simulated and measured results. © 2018 IEEE.
Dual Frequency Multi-Functional via-Less Leaky Wave Antenna Featuring Enhanced Frequency Sensitivity and Dual Beam Scanning Capability
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Majumder, B.; Vinnakota, S.S.; Goud Rangula, M.; Kandasamy, K.
In this paper we present a dual band low cross-polarized periodic microstrip leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on the multi mode resonator concept (MMR). The structure is capable of frequency dependent backward dual-beam steering and fast forward beam scanning in the upper and lower operating band, respectively. A gap loaded microstrip line is used as a host transmission line to feed the combination of the periodic patch radiators on the top and the bottom etched slots leading to the generation of the forward and the backward space harmonics. The etched ring slots at the bottom surface of the structure are not only responsible for steering the beam in the backward direction in the bottom hemisphere in its upper band but also adds radiation diversity in the overall radiation mechanism in its two operating bands. The potential use of this antenna resides in its ability to produce in-plane fast forward beam steering suitable for autonomous vehicle navigation systems in its lower band and out-of-plane backward-symmetric dual beam steering in the upper operating bands, suitable for tracking in relay systems. © 2013 IEEE.
Dual-Band Asymmetric Leaky-Wave Antennas for Circular Polarization and Simultaneous Dual Beam Scanning
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Rudramuni, R.; Majumder, B.; Tharehalli Rajanna, T.R.; Kandasamy, K.; Zhang, Q.
In this article, two configurations of novel dual-band half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (HMSIW) leaky-wave antennas are presented. The first proposed antenna radiates linearly polarized (LP) waves in the lower band and circularly polarized waves in the upper band when the unit cells are cascaded sequentially. The second antenna, where the sidewall via of the HMSIW unit cells is connected alternatingly, provides simultaneous dual beams with different polarization in the upper operational band in addition to the LP beam in the lower operational band. The unit cells of the two antennas are analyzed in terms of their dispersion behaviors. Finally, the performance of both the antennas is experimentally verified. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
Dual-band dual-polarized leaky-wave structure with forward and backward beam scanning for circular polarization-flexible antenna application
(John Wiley and Sons Inc. P.O.Box 18667 Newark NJ 07191-8667, 2020) Rudramuni, K.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
In this paper, a novel dual-band dual-polarized leaky-wave antenna (LWA) with polarization diversity is proposed using half mode substrate-integrated waveguide (HMSIW)-based technology. HMSIW LWAs are generally single band. In this work, by etching simple spiral type slots on the HMSIW cavity, a novel dual-band dual-polarized LWA is designed. The proposed antenna resonates at 5.6 and 8.5 GHz. Moreover, the antenna radiates the linearly polarized wave in the lower band and circularly polarized (CP) wave in the higher operating band. Also, in the higher operating band between 8.7 and 9.3 GHz, the proposed overall antenna exhibits both right-hand circular polarization as well as the left-hand circular polarization in the near main beam direction. The ?10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna at the lower and the higher operating bands are 27% (4.86-6.4 GHz) and 25% (7.4-9.6 GHz), respectively. In the higher band, the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 6.6% (8.7-9.3 GHz) is achieved. The main beam of the antenna can be steered from 19° to 69° in the forward direction in the lower operating band. In the higher operating band, the antenna can steer the CP beam between ?17° and ?32°. In both the lower bands, the realized peak gain is observed around 13.3 dBi, whereas in the higher band, the realized peak gain is observed around 14 dBi. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dual-Functional Metasurface Reflector for Wideband Polarization Conversion and RCS Reduction Applications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Goud, M.; Kandasamy, K.; Majumder, B.
A wideband polarization transforming reflective metasurface with dual functionality is proposed in this work. It converts the incident TE(Transverse Electric)/TM(Transverse Magnetic) waves into circularly polarized waves in a portion of the operating band and also into TM/TE waves respectively waves at the remaining frequency spectrum. The proposed unit cell's front side comprises of tapered rectangular metal connected with a circular patch and backside by a metal ground. Proposed structure exhibits circular polarization (CP) conversion from 13.5-20.9 GHz and cross polarization (XP) conversion from 11.12-12.64 and 23.32-34.65 GHz. The proposed meta-atom and 90 degree rotated image are used to construct checkerboard metasurface with 10 Ã— 10 elements for RCS reduction. It is inferred from the simulation results that a significant reduction in RCS is observed in the LP-XP band. The dimensions of the realized meta-atom are 0.297 Ã— 0.297 Ã— 0.062 Î»03 (where Î»0 is dependent on lowest operating frequency), and is best suitable for future wireless communication and RCS reduction application simultaneously. Â© 2023 IEEE.
Dual-Functional Reflective-Metastructure Array for Polarization Conversion and Stealth Application
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Madhusudhan Goud, R.; Paul, P.; Kandasamy, K.; Majumder, B.
This work proposes a compact, single-layered dualfunctional reflective meta-structure array to convert incident X/Ypolarized EM waves to cross-polarized waves in a portion of Kaband spectrum and to obtain circularly polarized (CP) waves with broadband characteristics in the Ku and K band frequency spectrum. The unit cell comprises of a symmetrical I-shaped metallic resonator with a single rectangular split ring resonator at the centre. The rotation of the induced surface currents on the meta-structure and the phase profile of the reflected waves confirms the presence of left-handed CP waves. When rotated in XY plane around Z-axis by 90Â°, this meta-atom reflects cross polarized waves with 180Â° phase difference compared to the original meta-atom across the entire operational bandwidth. This phase profile is utilized to realize a checkerboard metasurface and it is observed that significant RCS reduction is achieved in the cross-polarization conversion band. The overall size of the optimized unit cell is 0.26 Ã— 0.26 Ã— 0.07 Î»o3 mm3 and reflects CP waves with an axial ratio (AR) less than 3 dB from 15.3 GHz to 26.03 GHz. At the same time, cross-polarization conversion is observed from 28.33 GHz to 35.4 GHz, which makes the design best suitable for future wireless communication and RCS reduction application simultaneously. Â© 2024 IEEE.
Goubau line based end-fire antenna
(John Wiley and Sons Inc. P.O.Box 18667 Newark NJ 07191-8667, 2019) Rudramuni, K.; Tharehalli Rajanna, P.K.T.; Kandaswamy, K.; Majumder, B.; Zhang, Q.
This article proposes a simple and low profile planar Goubau line based end-fire antenna. End-fire radiation is achieved by modifying the Goubau line into inverted periodic arrangement of V-shaped unit cells. Designed prototype is simulated and verified experimentally. Both the simulated and measured results are in good agreement. Proposed antenna radiates toward end-fire direction between 7.8 and 8.3 GHz. The maximum gain of the antenna is obtained around 7.2 dBi. The average efficiency is observed 70% over the entire operating bandwidth. Proposed end-fire antenna has a single metallic layer with simple configuration which is easy to fabricate and also easy to integrate with other electronics circuits. The proposed antenna can be used for satellite and RADAR applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High Transmissive Beam-Focusing Lenses based on All-dielectric Metasurface
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2025) Goud, R.M.; Paul, P.; Majumder, B.; Kandasamy, K.
This paper presents the design and analysis of a fully dielectric transmissive metasurface tailored for beam-focusing applications in the microwave frequency regime, specifically targeting operation at 20 GHz in K-band. The metasurface functions as a high-gain lens, employing flame-retardant resin to construct meta-atoms composed of cylindrical dielectric structures positioned on a dielectric substrate. By modulating the height of these cylinders, a continuous phase gradient ranging from 0Â° to 360Â° is achieved, enabling precise wavefront control for focusing incident electromagnetic waves along the broadside direction. Each meta-atom is optimized to maintain a transmittance greater than 90%, ensuring minimal energy loss during transmission. The required phase distribution across the metasurface is initially derived using MATLAB-based numerical synthesis, followed by full-wave parametric simulations in CST Studio Suite to correlate the geometrical variations with the desired phase shifts. Unlike conventional designs that rely on metallic inclusions or ground planes, this work introduces a novel all-dielectric architecture, offering advantages in cost-effective 3D printing fabrication, reduced weight, and enhanced efficiency. The 1D and 3D radiation patterns confirm the beam-focusing behavior of the metasurface, demonstrating its potential for integration into compact, high-performance lens-based systems for advanced wireless communication and radar applications. Â© 2025 IEEE.
A novel beam steering dipole antenna using phase varying metasurface as reflector
(2018) Majumder, B.; Mukherjee, J.; Krishnamoorthy, K.; Ray, K.P.
In this paper a simulation based study of a novel continuously beam steerable antenna is presented using a tunable metasurface as phase varying reflector. The antenna radiation pattern can be changed by changing the state of the diodes loaded in the phase varying reflector. A planar dipole antenna is used to excite the tunable reflector. By this technique the antenna beam can be steered from +300 to -300 in the broadside direction depending on the operating state of the diodes. Moreover, the state of the diodes can be addressed digitally and hence a steep gradient in phase can be achieved in the reflector. The antenna radiation pattern and the gain has been found stable all over its states. � 2017 IEEE.
Novel Reflective Phased Meta-Atom Array for Beam Forming along Multiple Planes
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024) Paul, P.; Goud, M.; Kandasamy, K.; Majumder, B.
In this paper a novel beam-forming technique for focused microwave power transmission (MPT) at specific frequencies that enables far-field transmission at three directions in the elevation plane is proposed. A simple and planar phased metasurface comprising of an array of subwavelength meta-unit cells is designed to focus the microwave energy at 4.2 GHz at desired angles in the azimuthal and elevation planes. The beam formed is made to focus energy at 0Â° by a suitably designed meta surface. The phase profile of the meta-atom array is then suitably tuned, to split the RF energy at elevation angles of 70Â° and -70Â° directions in azimuthal planes of 45Â°, 135Â°,225Â° and 315Â°. This ensures the compatibility of the designed reflective array surface with antenna radiators and hence, allows for the availability of power at different directions of focus. This functionality can be used to focus or deflect power in case of sensors placed at different locations in the far-field proximity of the main radiator. A patch antenna radiating at 4.2 GHz is used to conduct the simulation study using CST Microwave Studio. Â© 2024 IEEE.