Browsing by Author "Madhwaraj Girija, V."

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    A straightforward preparation of levulinic esters from biorenewable levulinic acid using methanesulfonic acid supported on silica gel (MSA-SG) as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Vinod, N.; Bandibairanahalli Onkarappa, S.; Madhwaraj Girija, V.; Dutta, S.
    The present work reports methanesulfonic acid supported on silica gel (MSA-SG) as an inexpensive heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for the high-yielding production of various alkyl levulinates from biomass-derived levulinic acid. The catalyst was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDX). The reactions were conducted in a batch-type glass pressure reactor under conventional heating. The esterification reaction was optimized on temperature, duration, and catalyst loading. The optimized reaction conditions (120 °C, 8 h, 8 wt% MSA-SG) afforded methyl- to butyl levulinate in excellent isolated yields (≥90 %). The catalyst was filtered, and the products were purified by simply evaporating the excess alcohol reagent. © 2022