Browsing by Author "Koppad, P.G."

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A review of various materials for additive manufacturing: Recent trends and processing issues
(Elsevier Editora Ltda, 2022) Srivastava, M.; Rathee, S.; Patel, V.; Kumar, A.; Koppad, P.G.
Tremendous growth has been witnessed in the field of additive manufacturing (AM) technology over the last few decades. It offers a plethora of applications and is already being utilized in almost every sphere of life. Owing to inherent differences between each AM technique, newer fields of research consistently emerge and demand attention. Also, the innovative applications of AM open up newer challenges and thus avenues for focused attention. One such avenue is AM materials. Raw material plays an important role in determining the properties of fabricated part. The type and form of raw material largely depend on the type of AM fabricators. There is a restriction on material compatibility with most of the established AM techniques. This review aims to provide an overview of various aspects of AM materials highlighting the progress made especially over the past two decades. © 2022 The Author(s).
Al/Graphene/CNT Hybrid Composites: Hardness and Sliding Wear Studies
(Belgrade University, 2021) Manjunath Naik, H.R.; Manjunatha, L.H.; Koti, V.; Avinash, A.; Koppad, P.G.; P, S.K.
Graphene and carbon nanotubes are two carbon based materials known for their unique wear and friction properties. It would be quite interesting to understand the wear behavior of aluminium hybrid composites when these two nanosize reinforcements are incorporated into it. The hybrid composites with varying weight fractions of graphene (1, 2, 3 and 5 wt.%) and fixed CNT content of 2 wt.% were produced using powder metallurgy technique. The effect of varying graphene content on hardness and sliding wear of hybrid composites was studied. The wear tests were done as per ASTM G-99 standard with fixed sliding velocity (2 m/s) and sliding distance (1200 m) but varying applied load (10 - 30 N). Worn surface analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscope to arrive at wear mechanisms responsible for wear of aluminium and its hybrid composites. Increase in graphene content led to increase in bulk hardness with highest value of 61 RHN for hybrid composite with 3 wt.% graphene content. The wear rate of hybrid composites was found to be decreasing with enhancement in graphene content. Lower wear rate in hybrid composites was due to the formation of lubricating layer on the worn surface. © Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade. All rights reserved
Effect of carbon nanotubes on microhardness and adhesion strength of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed NiCr–Cr3C2 coatings
(SAGE Publications Ltd, 2022) Manjunatha, M.; Gaikwad, G.; Natarajan, J.; Koppad, P.G.
NiCr–Cr3C2 coatings are widely used for high temperature and tribological applications due to their high hardness, oxidation, and wear resistance properties. In the present investigation, an attempt is made to further enhance the hardness and adhesion strength of NiCr–Cr3C2 coatings by reinforcing them with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes (3–7 wt%) with varying weight percentages were mixed with NiCr–Cr3C2 using a planetary ball rolling mill and sprayed on SA213 T12 (T12 alloy steel tube) using a high-velocity oxy-fuel spraying process. The microstructures of mixed powder, coating cross-section, and fractured coating surface were characterized using a scanning electron microscope while X-ray diffraction was used for phase identification in the fractured coating surface. The coated samples were subjected to microhardness and adhesion strength tests according to ASTM E384 and ASTM D4541-09 standards. Out of all coatings, NiCr–Cr3C2/7% carbon nanotube composite coating showed the lowest porosity of 1.17%, highest microhardness, and adhesion strength of 563.8 HV and 55.8 MPa, respectively. A fracture analysis after a pull-off adhesion test revealed adhesion failure for NiCr–Cr3C2 coating and combined adhesion/cohesion failure for NiCr–Cr3C2/7% carbon nanotube composite coating. © IMechE 2021.
Effect of surface treatment on wetting behavior of copper
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Kalgudi, S.; Pavithra, G.P.; Prabhu, N.K.; Koppad, P.G.; Venkate Gowda, C.; Satyanarayan, S.
Super-hydrophobic surfaces are very useful in cleaning activities. Surfaces with water contact angles above 150Â° are regarded as superhydrophobic surfaces. In the present study an attempt has been made to achieve superhydrophobicity on copper substrate by electrochemical etching and electro-deposition of Co-Ni alloy and Co-Ni-Graphene composite. A contact angle of about 105Â° was obtained on Cu surface with electro-deposited Co-Ni alloy and on electro-deposited Co-Ni-G alloy contact angle was found to be 106Â°. The contact angle was significantly higher at about 142Â° with electro etched surface. Corrosion test was carried out with electrochemically etched Cu. Electrochemical etching time was varied from 30 to 240 min. The electro-etched Cu substrate etched for 60 min. showed better corrosion resistance with a corrosion rate of 0.197 mm/year. The surface topography of both etched and electrodeposited samples was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the results were correlated with the wettability data. Â© 2019 Elsevier Ltd.
Effect of Variations in Mn Content on Mechanical and Corrosion Characteristics of Cu-Al-Mn Shape Memory Alloys; УТИЦАЈ ВАРИЈАЦИЈА У САДРЖАЈУ МН НА МЕХАНИЧКЕ И КОРОЗИОНЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКЕ Cu-Аl-Мn ЛЕГУРА СА МЕМОРИЈОМ ОБЛИКА
(Belgrade University, 2024) Mamatha, K.M.; Mallik, U.S.; Koti, V.; Murthy, K.V.S.; Koppad, P.G.
In this work, the role of Mn on the shape memory effect and mechanical and corrosion behavior of Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloys was studied. The composition of Al was fixed to 10 wt% while that of Mn was varied from 2 to 10 wt%. The strain recovery by SME was evaluated using the bend test, while the yield and ultimate tensile strength were obtained using the tension test. The corrosion behavior was studied using three different solutions: freshwater, substitute ocean water, and Hank’s solution. The yield and ultimate tensile strength of Cu-Al-Mn alloys increased with Mn content up to 6%, which was attributed to grain refinement and precipitation hardening, while the fracture analysis showed mixed mode failure for all alloys. The corrosion behavior of Cu-Al-Mn alloys was modified due to the addition of Mn. With the increase in Mn content, the alloys displayed better corrosion resistance and lower corrosion rates. The corroded surface analysis tested in freshwater showed pitting corrosion, while Cu-Al-Mn alloy with low Mn content was tested in substitute ocean water. Hank’s solution showed surface damage with an unstable surface layer. © Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Belgrade. All rights reserved
Hardness and electrical conductivity of uncoated and silver coated carbon nanotubes reinforced copper nanocomposites
(Springer, 2022) Koti, V.; Mahesh, n.; Murthy, K.V.S.; Koppad, P.G.; Sethuram, D.
In the present study, carbon nanotube reinforced copper nanocomposites were fabricated using the powder metallurgy technique which includes ball milling and hot pressing. The carbon nanotube weight percentage in the nanocomposite was varied from 0.25 to 1.50% in the steps of 0.25%. Further, to improve the interfacial bonding between the carbon nanotubes and copper matrix, the carbon nanotubes were coated with silver using the electroless deposition method. The sintered and hot pressed copper nanocomposites with uncoated and silver-coated carbon nanotubes were subjected to optical and scanning electron microscope studies to understand the dispersion of nanotubes. The density, microhardness and electrical conductivity of developed nanocomposites were studied. The dispersion of nanotubes was found to be uniform throughout the copper matrix resulting in the improvement in microhardness. Especially when compared with sintered samples, the hot-pressed nanocomposites with silver-coated carbon nanotubes showed significant improvement in microhardness however beyond 0.75% content the microhardness for samples was found to drop. The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites was found to decrease with the increase in the MWCNT content which was attributed to the clustering of MWCNTs due to strong van der Waal forces and the increase in the number of interfaces between MWCNTs and copper matrix. © 2022, Indian Academy of Sciences.
Hot corrosion behaviour of HVOF sprayed Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings in presence of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 at 650 c
(2019) Reddy, N.C.; Koppad, P.G.; Reddappa, H.N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Babu, E.R.; Varol, T.
Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings were deposited on gas turbine based ASTM B265 titanium (Ti-15) and AISI 420 stainless steel (MDN-420) substrate materials using HVOF technique. Thermocyclic hot corrosion tests were carried out at 650 C in molten salt environment of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 for about 50 cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to study the hot corrosion kinetics of uncoated and coated titanium and stainless steel substrates. The weight gain per unit area showed that the coated substrate materials displayed better resistance to hot corrosion when compared with that of uncoated substrate materials. The surface morphology of uncoated and coated substrate materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The formation of different types of oxides and compounds were analysed using x-ray diffraction. The uncoated substrates surface showed microspalling at several regions while coated substrates surface were composed of protective oxide layers. The presence of ternary NiCr2O4 protective oxides on the surface of Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coated substrates leads to reduction in the diffusion of corrosive species inside the coating. 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Hot corrosion behaviour of HVOF sprayed Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings in presence of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 at 650 °c
(IOP Publishing Ltd custserv@iop.org, 2019) Reddy, N.C.; Koppad, P.G.; Reddappa, H.N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Babu, E.R.; Varol, T.
Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coatings were deposited on gas turbine based ASTM B265 titanium (Ti-15) and AISI 420 stainless steel (MDN-420) substrate materials using HVOF technique. Thermocyclic hot corrosion tests were carried out at 650 °C in molten salt environment of Na2SO4-40%V2O5 for about 50 cycles. Thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to study the hot corrosion kinetics of uncoated and coated titanium and stainless steel substrates. The weight gain per unit area showed that the coated substrate materials displayed better resistance to hot corrosion when compared with that of uncoated substrate materials. The surface morphology of uncoated and coated substrate materials were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. The formation of different types of oxides and compounds were analysed using x-ray diffraction. The uncoated substrates surface showed microspalling at several regions while coated substrates surface were composed of protective oxide layers. The presence of ternary NiCr2O4 protective oxides on the surface of Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coated substrates leads to reduction in the diffusion of corrosive species inside the coating. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
HVOF sprayed Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings: Microstructure, microhardness and oxidation behaviour
(2018) Reddy, N.C.; Kumar, B.S.A.; Reddappa, H.N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.; Kord, S.
This paper reports the development of Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings on AISI 420 stainless steel (MDN-420) and titanium alloy ASTM B265 (Ti-15) by HVOF technique. Microstructure, microhardness and high temperature oxidation behaviour of coatings were investigated. Microstructure of coatings was dense and displayed layers depicting lamellar structure. The microhardness of coatings was significantly higher than that of substrate owing to higher density and cohesive strength between individual splats of coating materials. Cyclic oxidation studies conducted on Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings showed oxide scale was composed of various oxides like NiO, NiCr2O4 and Cr2O3 phases. The formation of compact and protective NiO phase in case of Ni3Ti coatings; NiO and Cr2O3 phases in Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings stabilised the weight gain exhibited slow oxidation rate at higher temperatures. 2017 Elsevier B.V.
HVOF sprayed Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings: Microstructure, microhardness and oxidation behaviour
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Reddy, N.C.; Kumar, B.S.A.; Reddappa, H.N.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.; Kord, S.
This paper reports the development of Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings on AISI 420 stainless steel (MDN-420) and titanium alloy ASTM B265 (Ti-15) by HVOF technique. Microstructure, microhardness and high temperature oxidation behaviour of coatings were investigated. Microstructure of coatings was dense and displayed layers depicting lamellar structure. The microhardness of coatings was significantly higher than that of substrate owing to higher density and cohesive strength between individual splats of coating materials. Cyclic oxidation studies conducted on Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings showed oxide scale was composed of various oxides like NiO, NiCr2O4 and Cr2O3 phases. The formation of compact and protective NiO phase in case of Ni3Ti coatings; NiO and Cr2O3 phases in Ni3Ti+(Cr3C2+20NiCr) coatings stabilised the weight gain exhibited slow oxidation rate at higher temperatures. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
Investigation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al–10Zn–3.5Mg–2.5Cu Nanocomposite Reinforced with Graphene Nano Sheets Produced by Ultrasonic Assisted Stir Casting
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Alipour, M.; Keshavamurthy, R.; Koppad, P.G.; Shakiba, A.; Reddy, N.C.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy Al–10Zn–3.5Mg–2.5Cu/graphene nanoplates composites produced by ball milling and stir casting have been investigated. The presence of dispersed Graphene nano plates with high specific surface area significantly increases the strength of the composites. The microstructural studies of the alloy revealed that graphene nano plates addition reduces the grain size, but adding higher graphene nano plates content (1 wt% graphene nano plates) does not change the grain size considerably. Further investigations on tensile tests revealed that the addition of graphene nano plates increases ultimate tensile strength. Samples under T6 heat treatment (heating up to 460 °C for 8 h, quenching in water (25 °C) and aging at 120 °C for 24 h) show better strength than other samples. At higher graphene nano plates contents, the presence of graphene agglomerate on grain boundaries was found to be the favored path for crack growth. The composite containing 0.7 wt% graphene nano plates exhibits tensile strength of 582 Mpa. © 2022, American Foundry Society.
Microstructure and Adhesion Strength of Ni3Ti Coating Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and HVOF
(2018) Reddy, N.C.; Ajay, Kumar, B.S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.
In the present work we report the development of Ni3Ti intermetallic compound by high energy ball milling of Ni and Ti powders. The ball milled powders were taken at various intervals (4, 6, 8, 10, and 11 h) to analyze the formation of NixTix intermetallic compounds. The ball milled powders were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The layered shaped powder particles of Ni3Ti phase were formed after 11 h of ball milling, which was confirmed by X-ray peaks. Further High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) process was used to coat Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) on MDN 420 steel. Both the coated materials displayed excellent cohesion with minimal porosity less than 2%. The tensile adhesion strength test was carried out on these coatings to check the bond strength. Out of the two the Ni3Ti coating showed excellent bond strength of 41.04 MPa compared to that of Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coating. 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
Microstructure and Adhesion Strength of Ni3Ti Coating Prepared by Mechanical Alloying and HVOF
(Pleiades Publishing compmg@maik.ru, 2018) Reddy, N.C.; Ajay Kumar, B.S.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.
In the present work we report the development of Ni3Ti intermetallic compound by high energy ball milling of Ni and Ti powders. The ball milled powders were taken at various intervals (4, 6, 8, 10, and 11 h) to analyze the formation of NixTix intermetallic compounds. The ball milled powders were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The layered shaped powder particles of Ni3Ti phase were formed after 11 h of ball milling, which was confirmed by X-ray peaks. Further High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) process was used to coat Ni3Ti and Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) on MDN 420 steel. Both the coated materials displayed excellent cohesion with minimal porosity less than 2%. The tensile adhesion strength test was carried out on these coatings to check the bond strength. Out of the two the Ni3Ti coating showed excellent bond strength of 41.04 MPa compared to that of Ni3Ti + (Cr3C2 + 20NiCr) coating. © 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.
Microstructure and tribological characteristics of APS sprayed NiCrBSi/flyash cenosphere/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash cenosphere/Mo composite coatings at elevated temperatures
(2019) Nagabhushana, N.; Rajanna, S.; Mathapati, M.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.; Reddy, N.C.
In the present investigation NiCrBSi/flyash/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash/Mo composite coatings are developed using atmospheric plasma spray technique on superni 76 alloy. Coatings are characterized in terms of microstructure, phase analysis, and microhardness. Tribological properties of the coatings are evaluated using a pin on disc tribometer. Test is conducted under dry sliding conditions at room temperature, 200 C, 400 C, and 600 C respectively. Microstructure and worn surfaces of the coatings are analyzed by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) where in phase analysis is carried out using x-ray diffractometer (XRD). XRD results revealed the presence of ?-Ni as primary phase along with Ni3B, Cr7C3, SiO2 and Al2O3 as minor phases in both the NiCrBSi/flyash/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash/Mo coatings. Among the two coatings, Mo composite coating exhibited lower porosity and higher microhardness. The friction coefficient of both the coatings decreased with increasing temperature. The wear rate is found to decrease at lower temperatures but increased at a higher temperature (>400 C) for Cr2O3 composite coating wherein Friction coefficient is decreased with increase in the temperature for Mo composite coatings. The worn surface analysis conducted revealed abrasive wear at lower temperatures while the transition from abrasive to adhesive is observed at higher temperatures. 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Microstructure and tribological characteristics of APS sprayed NiCrBSi/flyash cenosphere/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash cenosphere/Mo composite coatings at elevated temperatures
(Institute of Physics Publishing helen.craven@iop.org, 2019) Nagabhushana, N.; Rajanna, S.; Mathapati, M.; Ramesh, M.R.; Koppad, P.G.; Reddy, N.C.
In the present investigation NiCrBSi/flyash/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash/Mo composite coatings are developed using atmospheric plasma spray technique on superni 76 alloy. Coatings are characterized in terms of microstructure, phase analysis, and microhardness. Tribological properties of the coatings are evaluated using a pin on disc tribometer. Test is conducted under dry sliding conditions at room temperature, 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C respectively. Microstructure and worn surfaces of the coatings are analyzed by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) where in phase analysis is carried out using x-ray diffractometer (XRD). XRD results revealed the presence of ?-Ni as primary phase along with Ni3B, Cr7C3, SiO2 and Al2O3 as minor phases in both the NiCrBSi/flyash/Cr2O3 and NiCrBSi/flyash/Mo coatings. Among the two coatings, Mo composite coating exhibited lower porosity and higher microhardness. The friction coefficient of both the coatings decreased with increasing temperature. The wear rate is found to decrease at lower temperatures but increased at a higher temperature (>400 °C) for Cr2O3 composite coating wherein Friction coefficient is decreased with increase in the temperature for Mo composite coatings. The worn surface analysis conducted revealed abrasive wear at lower temperatures while the transition from abrasive to adhesive is observed at higher temperatures. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of the A357 composites reinforced with dual sized SiC particles
(2019) Lakshmikanthan, A.; Bontha, S.; Krishna, M.; Koppad, P.G.; Ramprabhu, T.
Current work reports on the development of A357 alloy composite which is reinforced with dual size SiC particles by stir casting route. Influence of different weight fractions (3% coarse+ 3% fine, 4% coarse + 2% fine, and 2% coarse + 4% fine) of dual size SiC particles on mechanical properties and wear resistance of A357 composites is the focus of this work. Hardness and tensile properties were studied for dual size composites and then were compared with A357 alloy. Microstructural study, fractured surface and worn surface investigation were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopes respectively. Microstructural analysis showed fairly uniform dispersion of dual size SiC particles in A357 matrix with good interfacial bonding. Compared to A357 alloy, the composites showed improvement in hardness, yield, and tensile strength. In particular, composite with 4 wt. % of fine and 2 wt. % of large SiC particles displayed the highest tensile strength while composite with 4 wt. % of large and 2 wt. % of fine SiC particles exhibited high hardness and wear resistance among A357 alloy and dual particle size composites. The strengthening mechanisms that contributed to improvement in strength values were effective load transfer and dislocation strengthening due to thermal mismatch. 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of the A357 composites reinforced with dual sized SiC particles
(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Avinash, A.; Bontha, S.; Krishna, M.; Koppad, P.G.; Ramprabhu, T.
Current work reports on the development of A357 alloy composite which is reinforced with dual size SiC particles by stir casting route. Influence of different weight fractions (3% coarse+ 3% fine, 4% coarse + 2% fine, and 2% coarse + 4% fine) of dual size SiC particles on mechanical properties and wear resistance of A357 composites is the focus of this work. Hardness and tensile properties were studied for dual size composites and then were compared with A357 alloy. Microstructural study, fractured surface and worn surface investigation were carried out using optical and scanning electron microscopes respectively. Microstructural analysis showed fairly uniform dispersion of dual size SiC particles in A357 matrix with good interfacial bonding. Compared to A357 alloy, the composites showed improvement in hardness, yield, and tensile strength. In particular, composite with 4 wt. % of fine and 2 wt. % of large SiC particles displayed the highest tensile strength while composite with 4 wt. % of large and 2 wt. % of fine SiC particles exhibited high hardness and wear resistance among A357 alloy and dual particle size composites. The strengthening mechanisms that contributed to improvement in strength values were effective load transfer and dislocation strengthening due to thermal mismatch. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
Microstructure, microhardness, and tensile properties of hot-rolled Al6061/TiB2/CeO2 hybrid composites
(South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 2021) Iyengar, S.; Sethuram, D.; Shobha, R.; Koppad, P.G.
TiB2 and CeO2 particle-reinforced Al6061 hybrid composites were manufactured using stir casting and hot rolling techniques. The base alloy and composites were hot-rolled at 500ºC and a 50% reduction was achieved through 12 passes. The effect of varying TiB2 and CeO2 particle additions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al6061 matrix was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed uniform dispersion of both the reinforcements, with good interfacial bonding. Microhardness and tensile properties like yield and tensile strength were found to be higher for hybrid composite with 2.5% TiB2 and 2.5% CeO2 compared to Al6061 alloy and other hybrid composites. The increased tensile strength is attributed to good dispersion and interfacial bonding between the particles and Al6061 matrix. Fracture analysis using a scanning electron microscope revealed ductile fracture for the Al6061 alloy and mixed characteristics of ductile-brittle fracture for hybrid composites. © 2021 South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. All rights reserved.
Optimization of Wear Properties of B4C Nanoparticle-Reinforced Al7075 Nanocomposites Using Taguchi Approach
(Springer, 2023) Kumar, G.A.; Satheesh, J.; Murthy, K.V.S.; Mallikarjuna, H.M.; Puneeth, N.; Koppad, P.G.
In the present work, Al7075 nanocomposites with varying B4C contents were produced using powder metallurgy technique. The developed nanocomposites were subjected to microstructure, grain size and wear behaviour analysis. Dry sliding wear test of nanocomposites was conducted as per ASTM G99 standard using pin on disc test ring using Taguchi L9 approach with varying B4C nanoparticles (2.5, 5 and 10%), load (10, 20 and 30 N), speed (200, 250 and 300 rpm) and sintering temperature (500, 550 and 600 °C). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed uniform dispersion and good bonding between B4C nanoparticles and Al7075 matrix. Grain size analysis conducted according to ASTM E112-96 showed that irrespective of sintering temperature the average grain diameter of nanocomposites decreased as the B4C nanoparticle content increased. According to response table for S/N ratio, the most influential parameter on wear volume was B4C nanoparticles content. Worn surface analysis showed delamination and abrasion as dominant mechanisms for nanocomposites with lower B4C nanoparticle content and abrasion for nanocomposites with higher B4C nanoparticle content. © 2022, The Institution of Engineers (India).
Sustainable structural materials: From fundamentals to manufacturing, properties and applications
(CRC Press, 2025) Elango, E.; Markandan, K.; Hassan, C.S.B.; Koppad, P.G.
The current trend is to develop novel sustainable composite materials to enhance their properties for use in wider range of applications. With an emphasis on SDG 9, SDG 11 and SDG 12, academicians and industrialists have intensified R&D on sustainable composite materials for use in myriad applications such as construction, membrane technology, water purification and energy capture. This book aims to provide comprehensive understanding of fundamentals, properties and applications of sustainable composite materials. The book, comprising of 21 chapters, promises to be highly beneficial for academicians and early career researchers working in the field of sustainable composite materials. Â© 2025 Elango Natarajan, Kalaimani Markandan, Cik Suhana Binti Hassan and Praveennath G. Koppad. All rights reserved.