Browsing by Author "Jena, Pradyot Ranjan"

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Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture: Empirical Evidence from a South Indian State
(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2019) Kalli, Rajesh M.; Jena, Pradyot Ranjan
The present study provides a detailed empirical analysis of climate change impact on agriculture in Karnataka. Erratic rainfall and steady rise in temperature in tropical arid and semi-arid region has a significant impact on the farming communities. Against this backdrop, the present study has used a climate dataset constructed at finer spatial level to analyze the climate change impact on the net revenue and crop yields. A panel data, with a cross section of 20 districts and a time period of 21 years (1992 – 2012) was considered in the study. The fixed effect regression results show that temperature has a significant negative effect on the net revenue and crop yields. However, rainfall had a significant positive impact on net revenue and yields. Further, the study has also probed to analyze the agricultural vulnerability to climate change using indicator based method. The results showed that entire seven districts from north interior region were categorized in the extremely and highly vulnerable region. Out of eleven districts in south interior region, three were categorized in the extremely and highly vulnerable region. However, the result broadly indicated that agriculture in the north interior region of Karnataka is highly susceptible to climate change.
A Comparative Analysis of Economic, Social and Environmental Efficiency of Major Seaports In India
(National Institute Of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, 2023) Tn, Prathvi; Jena, Pradyot Ranjan; Majhi, Ritanjali
In performing the seaport operations, environmental, social, and economic-related issues are identified, which have resulted in the seaport operations primarily focusing on improving overall sustainability. To mitigate the negative environmental, social and, economic impacts around seaports, assessing sustainable key performance indicators initiatives is a fundamental principle for seaport functionality. This research study aims to achieve three objectives: First, to identify critical factors for sustainable seaports, seaport performance indicators and various key performance indicators relevant to major seaports in India. Second, to establish the relationships between different sustainability factors and various key performance indicators related to seaport sustainability performance measurement. Thirdly, to assess the efficiency of criteria-related to seaport sustainability efficiency and benchmark the seaports using sustainability indicators. The research study employs a mixed methods approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative research techniques. Initially, this research identifies and categorizes aspects of seaport sustainability factors and key performance indicators through systematic literature analysis (SLA), examining the concept of seaport sustainability across global seaports. In the qualitative phase of the study, seaport dimensions, seaport performance indicators, and relevant seaport key performance indicators for assessing seaport sustainability performance were identified, specifically within the context of Indian seaports. This study involved conducting Importance-Performance analysis and semi-structured interviews with 37 maritime/seaport domain experts in India. This technique was applied to finalize the selection of seaport dimensions, seaport performance indicators, and seaport key performance indicators on seaport sustainability performance assessment. The assessment of port sustainability dimensions and their corresponding key performance indicators is based on mean importance and performance values. The port economic and social sustainability dimension was considered highly significant, with port environmental sustainability receiving the highest performance ranking. The presence of a performance gap indicated areas necessitating improvement. The findings underscore the pivotal role of sustainable practices within India's maritime sector, underscoring the imperative to address all 37 assessment items for seaport sustainability. Expert evaluations, ranging from 4.11 to 4.42 on a five-point scale, highlighted the noteworthy sustainability performance across all criteria. iQuantitative data primarily consisted of responses collected through a questionnaire survey from 717 employees across the four major west coast seaports. This survey aimed to assess key performance indicators related to seaport sustainability initiatives. The collected data were then analyzed using the structural equation modeling method with AMOS 23.0. The research findings revealed that factors encompassing seaport environmental sustainability performance, seaport economic sustainability performance, seaport social sustainability performance, seaport internal sustainability performance, and seaport customer sustainability performance have significantly contributed to the overall holistic seaport sustainability performance. The research study reveals significant and anticipated correlations among various dimensions of sustainability performance in seaports. The findings underscore interconnections between diverse sustainability dimensions, suggesting that enhancements in one dimension can positively influence other aspects within a seaport's sustainability framework. Additionally, the research indicates mediation effects within relationships among different sustainability dimensions. An analysis of variance compared mean scores of sustainability assessment dimensions across the four major seaports. The research emphasizes key areas to enhance seaport ecosystem sustainability and achieve benchmarks for environmentally sustainable development. Moreover, these results provided valuable insights for maritime policymakers to facilitate the effective implementation of comprehensive sustainability plans within major Indian seaports. These insights also emphasized the importance of considering the holistic seaport supply chains when devising sustainable developmental strategies. Furthermore, benchmarking the sustainability performance of the four major west-coast seaports in India, responsible for handling a significant portion of liquid cargo, was conducted. This study involved the identification and analysis of longitudinal secondary data spanning the financial years 2016 to 2021. The research established a modeling framework to gauge efficiency and benchmark the sustainability-related performance of these seaports while identifying developmental targets. To achieve this, ten input and ten output parameters related to three pivotal dimensions of sustainability: social, economic, and environmental were examined. The data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique was used for the seaport performance evaluation considering sustainability dimensions. Both desirable and undesirable outputs were factored in under variable returns to scale (VRS), aiming to minimize undesirable attributes in seaport performance. The VRS (DEA-BCC) efficiency scale calculated values for the three sustainability dimensions and factors for iifour major west coast seaports for six years. The research findings revealed that the efficiency of the four major west coast seaports, which primarily handle liquid cargo, varied within the value range of 72.37% to 96.13% for FY-2016-17 to FY-2021-22. The study's outcomes indicated a significant correlation between seaport sustainability input and its corresponding output variables. The study suggests that advancements in a few input seaport sustainability indicators can positively impact the output indicators. Consequently, seaport management and stakeholders should make strategic and tactical decisions to enhance seaport sustainability efforts, pinpointing the effects of sustainability aspects within the seaports. Furthermore, the overall research findings illustrated variations in the values of seaport sustainability performance concerning environmental, economic, and social criteria. These discoveries aligned with established sustainability reports from significant global seaports. Moreover, the research outcomes gained further validation through correlation with real- world scenarios observed in Indian seaports. This research study offers comprehensive insights and can serve as a guiding framework for maritime researchers and port policymakers regarding seaport sustainability factors and their interconnected aspects. Future studies on this subject can leverage these findings to compare sustainability assessments of seaports in various regions and measure seaport sustainability performance (in environmental, economic, and social domains). Further study could involve benchmarking against major and minor seaports in India or globally, utilizing real-time data related to sustainability initiatives.
Essays on the Adoption and Impact of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices: Insights from Rural Farmers of Odisha
(National Institute Of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, 2023) Tanti, Purna Chandra; Jena, Pradyot Ranjan
Climate change endangers rural livelihoods by negatively impacting agricultural production through reduced crop yields, harvest loss, and increasing production costs. Odisha agriculture depends on rainfall and remains vulnerable to rising temperatures and uncertain precipitation. Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices have been advanced as a possible solution to adopt and mitigate climate change issues. This study addresses three objectives correlated with adopting Climate Smart Agriculture practices. The first objective is to evaluate the factors determining agricultural machinery. It examines the effect of agricultural machinery adoption on net agricultural income, household income, and household consumption adoption among rural farmers in India. The study draws on India Human Development Survey (IHDS) data of 10,000 households spread over 28 states of India to derive the extent of mechanization for each state in India. Concerning the multivariate probit model, climate change events and shocks induce farmers to adopt farm mechanization. The other significant drivers of agricultural mechanization include access to institutional credit, availability of extension services, and landholding size. ESR model revealed that adopting machineries has increased net agricultural income by 31%, household income by 19%, and food consumption by 5%. Given these demonstrable positive effects of mechanization in agriculture Administering a structured questionnaire survey among the 494 rural farming households of an eastern Indian state, namely Odisha, the first objective explores the key determinants of CSA adoption. The investigation will focus on one coastal district and two inland districts. In order to adapt to these weather anomalies, the respondents have implemented various CSA practices, including rescheduling planting, crop rotation, crop diversification, soil conservation, drought-resistant seeds, and agroforestry. This study uses a multivariate probit model to investigate the primary factors that influence the decision to implement CSA practices. According to the findings, perceptions of climate change, availability of extension services, and electricity for irrigation are the most important factors in adopting CSA practices. The sub-objective of this section focuses on the gender aspects of the adoption of CSA practices. The FGDs were undertaken in ten study area villages to understand the gender dimension of CSA adoption in the study area. iThe third objective is to examine the impacts of CSA practices on the productivity and income of the farmers. The current study is based on the cross-sectional household survey data collected from three climate-vulnerable districts in the semi-arid regions of Odisha, namely, Balangir, Kendrapara and Mayurbhanj. The impact of CSA practices' adoption on income and productivity was analyzed using propensity score matching (PSM) and two stage least square method(2SLS). Two instruments were used to remove self-selection bias and endogeneity, i.e., distance to extension and percentage of multiple adapters in a village. Both models show the positive and significant impact of adoption on the productivity and income of the farmers. There are few policy ramifications of these findings. Adopting CSA practices requires the farmer's involvement and communication with other farmers. Effective farmer-to-farmer extension programmes enhance adoption, productivity, and income. If we want to see more widespread adoption of CSA methods, we must see more frequent extension interaction and a more conveniently located extension office.
Impact of Economic Growth and Trade Liberalization on Air Pollution
(2018) Jena, Pradyot Ranjan
Measuring Household Vulnerability To Poverty And Assessing Impact of Welfare Programs on Vulnerability To Poverty: An Empirical Study In Odisha
(National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 2022) Khosla, Sunil; Jena, Pradyot Ranjan
Households are not only poor but also vulnerable, which means that poor households may remain poor while non-poor households may fall into poverty as a result of different covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and lack of coping measures. An understanding of households vulnerable to future poverty will be crucial for sustainable growth and development. This study examines three inherently interconnected issues: changes in poverty status, household vulnerability to future poverty, and the role of the welfare program in reducing vulnerability. Using panel data of 1353 households and a survey dataset of 479 households in rural Odisha, the study addresses three objectives: First, to estimate the changes in poverty status and the factors determine it. Second, to measure household vulnerability to poverty using both the monetary and multidimensional approaches. Third, to assess the impact of welfare program on household vulnerability to monetary and multidimensional poverty. The panel dataset used in the study was derived from the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) with a state representative sample of 1353 rural households from Odisha. The second data comes from the household survey of 479 households from three districts of the southern region of Odisha. For the purpose of estimating changes in poverty status and the factors that influence it, the study used a spells approach and a multinomial logistic regression model. The findings demonstrate that over time, households move in and out of poverty. In particular, it is observed that 25.26% of the households have been chronically poor, 45.24% of the households have been transient poor, and the remaining 29.50% of households have been non-poor. It has also been found out that households are less likely to remain as ‘chronic poor’ if they have access to higher education, asset, engaged in the non-farm sector, participate in social capital, and ownership of land. The second objective was analyzed in two steps. Firstly, conventional and counting approaches were used to estimate monetary and multidimensional poverty rates. Secondly, the vulnerability was modelled as expected poverty using the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) econometric approach to measure the monetary and multidimensional vulnerability to poverty. The results show that about 35% of households in Odisha are vulnerable to monetary poverty and 55% of households are vulnerable to multidimensional poverty. This is significantly higher than the observed poverty level of about 28% and 47%, respectively. Among the districts analyzed, the ii proportion of households that are at high risk of falling into poverty is highest in the Koraput district, followed by Kandhamal and Nabarangpur districts. Further, households engaged in farming are observed to be most vulnerable, followed by those engaged in wages in non-farm and self-employed in non-farm sectors. The impact of the welfare program (rural livelihoods program) on both the monetary and multidimensional vulnerability to poverty was analyzed using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Endogenous Switching Regression (ESR) models. The findings demonstrate that welfare program has a positive impact on reducing monetary vulnerability to poverty. More specifically, the household’s vulnerability to poverty is reduced by 3% for the households who participated in the welfare program. The main policy implications are that poverty reduction efforts in rural Odisha would be more effective if they include not only the poor but also the vulnerable.