Browsing by Author "Chethan, B.A."

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    Alkali Activated Black Cotton Soil with Partial Replacement of Class F Fly Ash and Areca Nut Fiber Reinforcement
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.; Chinnabhandar, R.K.; Kumar, D.H.
    Alkali activation has received great attention for improving the soil properties with suitable precursor materials. Industrial byproduct class F fly ash was suitably utilized to improve Black Cotton (BC) soil properties along with ordinary Portland cement by various researchers. However, the CO2 emission associated with cement production has enforced the evaluation of alternative binders. Laboratory investigations were conducted on BC soil by admixing various fly ash dosages (0–50%) and reinforcing the mix with 0.5% areca nut fiber. Alkali activator solution prepared using 8 molar sodium hydroxide solution (SH) and sodium silicate solution (SS) at 1.5 SS/SH ratio showed significant improvement in Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of stabilized BC soil on 7 and 28 days curing. The reinforcement was effective in improving the flexural strength of stabilized mixes. Exorbitant unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values were observed on 28 days of curing. However, the samples could retain low soaked CBR values despite reinforcement. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images showed the reduction of shrinkage cracks and strong bonding of fibers in the stabilized mix. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns evidenced the formation of various hydration products due to the alkali reaction, which resulted in the high strength gain of mixes at ambient temperature curing. The leaching of mineral constituents from the set mix lead to the failure of durability samples. Due to nondurability, the alkali activation with a selected precursor cannot suit pavement materials requirements. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Areca Fiber Reinforced Alkali-Activated Black Cotton Soil Using Class F Fly Ash and Limestone Powder for Pavements
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    Alkali activation has gained importance in place of cement treatment in construction due to reduced CO2 emissions. The precursors that are rich in silica, alumina, and calcium can be used for soil stabilization with a suitable alkali solution. In this investigation, 0–45% class F fly ash with a constant 5% limestone powder was used to stabilize black cotton soil. These mixes were reinforced with 0.5% areca fibers and stabilized using the alkali solution. Alkali solution was prepared using 8 molar NaOH solution and Na2SiO3 solution with Na2SiO3/NaOH of 1.5. The use of limestone powder has favoured the quick UCS gain on 3 days of room temperature curing. Fiber reinforcement has shown a significant influence on flexural strength and fatigue life improvement. Areca fibers reinforcement has resulted in enormous resistance to plunger penetration during the unsoaked CBR test. However, on further 4 days of soaking, samples lost the bonding and exhibited low CBR. The SEM images showed the compact microstructure of the set mix. The formation of cementitious products is evident from the XRD micrograms due to the dissolution of silica, alumina, calcium, and other compounds by the alkali solution. When subjected to wetting–drying and freezing–thawing durability tests, the set mixes were failed due to leaching of mineral constituents and further breaking of soil structure. Even though stabilized specimens exhibited significant strength improvement in dry conditions, they are unsuitable in wet conditions. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Effect of Flash Flood and Weather Changes on Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cement- and Fly Ash-Stabilized Black Cotton Soil Used as Road Materials
    (Springer, 2023) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    Stabilized soil naturally undergoes variation in moisture content and temperature during seasonal weather changes. In this investigation, the influence of these weather changes on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of black cotton (BC) soil stabilized with ordinary Portland cement (43 grade) and class F fly ash was studied. Cement dosage was varied from 3 to 10%, along with different combined dosages of (cement + fly ash) (where fly ash < 32%) for stabilizing various mixes. The UCS specimens were cured for 0 (immediately after preparation) 3, 7, 28, 60, and 90 days in a desiccator and subsequently submerged for 24 h in water to ensure saturation. The flash flood effect was evaluated in terms of strength reduction by correlating UCS of saturated specimens (UCSs) with UCS of desiccator-cured specimens. The stabilized materials’ resistance to wetting–drying (WD), freezing–thawing (FT) durability tests and subsequent UCS retained over time were determined. The UCS values increased substantially at higher cement and fly ash contents and with the curing period, whereas a notable reduction in UCSs values was observed for saturated samples. However, the samples with high cement and fly ash contents exhibited low moisture susceptibility with lesser strength reduction. The UCS and UCSs values are linearly correlated with R2 values > 0.9. All the specimens were intact with improved volume stability at higher cement and fly ash dosages during saturation and drying. Mixes with high cement and fly ash dosages shown improved resistance to WD cycles, whereas at a low dosage, most of the mixes failed during the second wetting cycle due to a drastic absorption of water after the first drying cycle. All FT specimens were intact with considerable strength retained after 12 cycles exhibiting a minimal mass loss. The formation of hydration products has justified the strength gain as observed from scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) plots. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.
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    Effect of vehicular vibrations on L-4 lumbar vertebrae – A finite element study
    (Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd., 2025) Kishore, Y.S.; Marulasiddappa, B.M.; Manoj, A.; Raveesh, R.M.; Rakesh, B.; Bhaskar, S.; Kuntoji, G.; Chethan, B.A.
    Lower Back Pain (LBP) is a global health issue, with increasing prevalence, partly attributed to vehicular vibrations experienced by motorcyclists. The L4 lumbar vertebra is responsible for greater mobility and flexibility of the body, but also is the most crucial body element affected by vehicular vibrations. Anthropometric properties, types of speed humps, and vehicle types are the critical variables that impact bone health during riding, need to be studied. To understand the potential zones of injury, computational simulation can be performed under the influence of vehicle vibrations while crossing different types of speed humps at varying speeds. In the present study, finite element method (FEM) is used to evaluate stress and deformation in the bone. The L4 cortical bone is modelled by considering the CT-Scan data and assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic material. Vibration data is collected using two vehicle types (Type I and Type II) on four different humps (Trapezoidal, Bitumen Semi-circular, Rubber Semi-circular, and Rumble strip). The bone's dynamic behavior is studied using FEM simulation, which involved static structural, modal and transient dynamic analyses. The findings from static analysis indicate that the most concentrated stress is located in the lower pedicle region and is an expected commonplace for injuries because of vibrations. In transient dynamic analysis, Type I vehicle showed a 25 % higher stress than Type II. © 2024 Professor P K Surendran Memorial Education Foundation
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    Experimental Investigations on RBI Grade 81 Stabilized Lateritic Soil
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2021) Chethan, B.A.; Das, S.; Amulya, S.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.R.
    The effectiveness of the addition of RBI Grade 81 (stabilizer) (dosages of 2, 4, 6, and 8%) to stabilize the largely encountered lateritic soil during construction was investigated. Stabilized lateritic soil mixes were evaluated by conducting a series of experiments, viz., standard and modified compaction, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio at various curing periods. Mixes under both standard and modified compaction energies have shown the highest density at a 6% stabilizer dosage. A remarkable increase in unconfined compressive strength was observed for the specimens prepared at a 6% stabilizer dosage corresponding to the modified compaction density. An increase in the percentage of stabilizer has increased the California bearing ratio of treated mixes. Exorbitant increase in the soaked California bearing ratio values of the stabilized mixes was observed for higher dosages (6 and 8%). Hence, RBI Grade 81 amended lateritic soil mixes enhance the strength of the subgrade. © 2021, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Laboratory Investigation of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Arecanut Coir Along with Cement and Its Suitability as a Modified Subgrade
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Chethan, B.A.; Lekha, B.M.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    If a pavement is constructed on weak soil, its lifespan drastically reduces due to the low strength induced by moisture-induced destresses. Such soils may undergo considerable changes in volume. In order to modify these properties, soil stabilization can be done. By stabilizing the soil along with the improvement in strength, its durability can be increased. Stabilization may be of chemical or mechanical type. In this investigation, lateritic soil was stabilized using 0.2–1% arecanut coir, and its compaction characteristics were evaluated. The lateritic soil is found to be nondurable. The reinforcement alone could not improve the strength and durability effectively. Therefore, 3% binding agent ordinary Portland cement (43 grade) was added to the mix. Due to cement stabilization, UCS and CBR values were improved, and the optimum values were observed at 0.6% arecanut coir dosage. The addition of cement has resulted in a change in silica, alumina, and calcium oxide contents, thereby contributing to the formation of hydration products. The samples with 1% coir and cement have completed 12 wet–dry cycles, but the weight loss observed was >14%. All the specimens showed low soil loss under freeze–thaw cycles. The performance of cured specimens under fatigue loading was satisfactory. Since the specimens could not pass wet–dry durability criteria, they can be considered for modified subgrade. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
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    Laboratory Investigations on Lateritic Soil Stabilized with RBI Grade 81, Coconut Fiber and Aggregates
    (Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    Soil stabilization is an excellent old technique adopted to improve the properties of any weak soil. In the recent past, many chemical stabilizers came to the market. In this study, a commercial stabilizer-RBI Grade 81’s (dosage 2–8%) potential to improve lateritic soil properties was investigated. At 6% RBI Grade 81 dosage, the effect of reinforcement was evaluated by using 0.5 and 1.0% coconut fibers. Strength improvement of 6% RBI Grade 81 stabilized soil admixed with <12.5 mm size aggregates (5, 10, and 15%) was studied to know the effect of granular layer demolition waste incorporation. CBR and UCS tests were used for strength evaluation. Considerable improvement in mix strength was observed above 6% RBI Grade 81 dosage on 28 curing days for the soil incorporated with fibers and aggregates. A linear fit was established between UCS and soaked CBR, which shows a high correlation (>0.9), and Prob > F is <0.06 depicting high reliability for the estimation of soaked CBR from UCS. Further, fatigue and durability tests were carried out to understand stabilized soil’s behavior under dynamic load application and performance during monsoon to simulate the submerged condition of the pavement in dense rainfall areas (>3500 mm). Stabilized lateritic soil mixes sustained freeze–thaw cycles effectively with weight loss of <14%. However, even at an 8% RBI Grade 81 dosage, the mix has not satisfied the wetting–drying test requirement. Stabilized soil blends showed excellent fatigue performance under repeated loads. The 6% RBI Grade 81 treated soil mixes can be used for modified subgrade. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Strength and Durability Characteristics of Cement and Class F Fly Ash-Treated Black Cotton Soil
    (Springer, 2021) Chethan, B.A.; Ravi Shankar, A.U.
    This paper analyses improvement of the strength and durability characteristics of black cotton (BC) soil treated with cement and Class F fly ash for pavements. The increase in cement dosage (3–14%) improved the UCS, but the specimens could not resist WD durability cycles. In order to improve, industrial by-product Class F fly ash was used in addition to the cement. Different combinations of cement (10, 12, and 14%) and fly ash (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) replacements were evaluated for strength and durability characteristics. The higher dosage of fly ash reduced the plasticity with uniform distribution of cement cluster formations, leading to higher UCS. The soil mixes with (cement + fly ash) stabilizer combinations (10 + 30), (12 + 30), (14 + 25), (14 + 30) were stable against WD test with soil loss < 14%. Mix with (14 + 25) stabilizer showed a maximum retained UCS of 3.6 MPa at 2.9% moisture content (MC) after 12 WD cycles. However, most of the mixes showed high resistance to the FT test. The retained UCS of FT tested specimens was more due to low variations in moisture content. Mix with (14 + 30) stabilizer showed a maximum retained UCS of 2.6 MPa at 23.3% MC after 12 FT cycles. The soil samples with high cement and fly ash contents, with 90 days curing, can exhibit significant strength and more resistance to WD and FT cycles with soil loss < 14%. After drying, severe damage to WD specimens was observed due to the drastic absorption of water during the wetting cycle. Durable samples showed good plunger penetration resistance with an expansion of < 2%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the formations of cemented interclusters. CSH formed resulted in strength improvement, as observed from XRD patterns. The 7 days cured WD specimens did not exhibit any volume expansion on soaking, thawing in water. A maximum volumetric shrinkage of 3.2% on drying and 1.91% on freezing was observed for stabilized soil. Hence, the stronger and durable stabilized soil mixes with high volume stability can be used for pavements. © 2021, Indian Geotechnical Society.