Browsing by Author "Chandavarkar, B.R."

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A Comparative Analysis of Traditional versus Blockchain-based Voting Systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Nikhare, R.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Voting holds immense importance in any democracy, serving as the bedrock of any country's democratic structure. It possesses the transformative potential to shape the nation's future. However, the history of elections and the voting process has witnessed significant developments. Initially, paper ballots and laborious counting methods were employed, but they faced severe criticism due to fraudulent practices and booth capturing. To address the shortcomings of the paper ballot system, Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) emerged as a technological advancement. EVMs addressed paper ballot drawbacks but concerns persist over hacking, fraud, software programming, manufacturer affiliations, machine security, and vote storage. An alternative to the prevalent EVM system is a blockchain-based voting system, although it has limitations. The primary objective of this paper is to present the working of traditional, EVM, and blockchain-based voting systems. Finally, the objective is to present a comparison between traditional, EVM, and blockchain-based voting systems. Â© 2023 IEEE.
A Comprehensive Review on Result Extraction and Analysis in Underwater Network Simulators: A UnetStack Perspective
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Gadagkar, A.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.; Kushwaha, H.S.
Simulation of Underwater Acoustic Sensor networks (UASNs) enables researchers to test and verify the protocols or techniques developed quickly and inexpensively. Many underwater network simulation platforms are available such as NS-2 Miracle, Aqua-Net, DESERT, SUNSET, and UnetStack. After conducting a simulation, any simulation platform typically generates a simulation trace or log file. This file has to be processed further to analyze the network performance. However, this requires writing additional scripts or programs, making processing trace files laborious, time-consuming, and prone to error. Thus, a tool that can automate this task of processing the simulation traces and extracting the required result for network performance analysis would help the researchers to focus on developing and validating their work. A few automated tools are available for specific simulators, but no such automated tool is available for the UnetStack simulator. UnetStack is a popular industry standard underwater network simulation platform used in research and development. The community edition is freely and publicly available for research and academia. This work reviews the process and the tools for result extraction and analysis. Furthermore, the work discusses details on available methods in UnetStack for extracting and analyzing the results with their limitations and the scope for building an automated trace analysis tool and finally gives concluding remarks. Â© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
A Comprehensive Review on Wireless Technologies and Their Issues with Underwater Communications
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2021) Gadagkar, A.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Since many years, the life and environment in underwater especially the oceans are being explored, yet there are many parts of oceans remained unexplored due to the particularities of underwater environment. The increasing interest in underwater exploration has paved way to the development of different technologies for underwater communication. Underwater wireless communication plays a vital role in the study of marine life, water pollution, monitoring of natural calamities, coastal surveillance, and to monitor various phenomena in underwater environment. Hence, the underwater wireless communication has become a key area of research for exploring underwater environment for a variety of applications. The primary underwater wireless technology uses acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves in RF band, and optical waves as communication carriers to transmit data in an underwater environment. This paper provides a survey of these communication technologies discussing their physical characteristics, compatibility and technical issues, thus enabling to understand use of these technologies for underwater communications. Â© 2021 IEEE.
A framework for residual energy model in unetstack simulator for underwater sensor networks
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Chandavarkar, B.R.; Gadagkar, A.V.
In recent years, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASN) has gained much attention from researchers because of its diverse applications. UASNs face several issues and challenges like limited bandwidth, high propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and energy constraints. Unlike the nodes in terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), UASNs suffer from energy constraints, severely affecting the network lifetime and throughput. Simulation of UASNs is a common aspect of researchers. It facilitates analysis of the working and performance of a UASN before it is implemented and deployed, which incurs substantial time and cost. Among the different simulation platforms available for simulating UASNs, UnetStack is one, which is an efficient and well-known tool available for simulating UASN, with significant benefits. But, the present UnetStack does not provide direct functionality for monitoring the energy of nodes during simulations, which is crucial. This paper presents the design and implementation of the residual energy model framework in UnetStack. Additionally, through the experimental simulations, the number of frames transmitted received, and the depletion of node energy over time presented. Further, the implemented energy model framework able the researchers in the design of energy-aware routing protocols and load balancing methods. Â© 2020 IEEE.
A Hybrid CNN–LSTM Model for Transaction Fee Forecasting in Post EIP-1559 Ethereum
(Springer, 2024) Kallurkar, H.S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Over the past decade, cryptocurrencies have experienced a significant surge in popularity. Several factors have contributed to their rise. First, the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies, enabled by blockchain technology, has appealed to individuals seeking financial autonomy and freedom from traditional banking systems. Additionally, the potential for substantial financial gains, as demonstrated by the surge in the value of Bitcoin and Ethereum. Cryptocurrency transactions require the sender to include a transaction fee before initiating. Concerning the Ethereum protocol, the transaction fee calculation before the London upgrade, i.e., Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIP-1559), led to delayed transaction confirmation and increased congestion in the Ethereum network. Ever since this upgrade, the transaction fee has become dynamic and user-friendly such that transactions get confirmed within a reasonable time. For such a scenario, the need of the hour for an effective forecasting technique can prove critical from the user’s point of view. After the EIP-1559 upgrade, there is a lack of literature that efficiently utilizes cryptocurrency transaction data’s time-series nature. To solve these issues, this paper proposes a hybrid deep learning model to predict total transaction fees in post EIP-1559 Ethereum precisely. The proposed convolutional neural network (CNN)-long short term memory (LSTM) leverages the advantages of convolutional layers and is followed by effective learning of time-series dependencies between the data by LSTM layers. The experimentation and comparison with state-of-the-art suggest significant improvement when CNN–LSTM is leveraged for this type of forecasting. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.
A Location-Based Cryptographic Suite for Underwater Acoustic Networks
(Springer, 2023) Harsha, T.S.; Katasani, V.S.; Partani, R.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Communication in underwater acoustic networks (UANs) is plagued by resource constraints and environmental issues. In this chapter, we present a novel key generation algorithm based on the geolocation of sender and receiver nodes and then design a lightweight, 10-round iteration block cipher algorithm for UAN communication. Using theoretical analysis, our algorithm should resist brute-force searches for adversarial attacks, such as failure of one sensor node does not affect the whole topology. In essence, it adds a second layer of security by combining geolocation with the encryption algorithm. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
A Mathematical Model for Node Mobility during Water Current and Tsunami in Underwater Sensor Networks
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Tejaskumar, K.; Dharamdas, I.R.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
In underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs), the nodes deployed in the seas and oceans are not always stationary but are affected by changes in their environment. The changes may occur naturally or due to man-made interactions. Naturally occurring phenomena like earthquakes, tsunami, and water currents affect the position of the deployed nodes. The movement of nodes has an impact on the routing of packets involved in underwater communication. Thus, the mobility of nodes is an important factor that has to be taken into account when designing networking protocols for UW-ASNs. This paper talks about the motion of the nodes due to water currents and tsunami propagation. Mathematical models depicting the node's movement due to water currents and tsunami are discussed in this paper. The simulation of the node trajectories is done using UnetStack3. Â© 2020 IEEE.
A Survey on Semantic Segmentation Models for Underwater Images
(Springer, 2023) Anand, S.K.; Kumar, P.V.; Saji, R.; Gadagkar, A.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Semantic segmentation remains a key research field in modern day computer vision and has been used in a myriad of applications across various fields. It can be extremely beneficial in the study of underwater scenes. Various underwater applications, such as unmanned explorations and autonomous underwater vehicles, require accurate object classification and detection to allow the probes to avoid malicious objects. However, the models that work well for terrestrial images rarely work just as well for underwater images. This is because underwater images suffer from high blue light intensity as well as other ill effects such as poor lighting and contrast. This can be fixed using preprocessing techniques to manually improve the image characteristics. Trying to improve the model to account for bad image quality is not a great method as the model may misidentify noise as an image characteristic. In this chapter, 6 different deep learning semantic segmentation modelsâ€”SegNet, Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (PSP-Net), U-Net, DNN-VGG (Deep Neural Network-VGG), DeepLabv3+, and SUIM-Netâ€”are explored. Their architectures, technical aspects with respect to underwater images, advantages, and disadvantages are all investigated. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
A Survey on Threat Intelligence Techniques for Constructing, Detecting, and Reacting to Advanced Intrusion Campaigns
(Springer, 2023) Anand, A.; Singhal, M.; Guduru, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
The rise of intrusion has increased the need for cybersecurity in various organizations. A set of these intrusions by an adversary against a particular organization are called intrusion campaigns. Threat intelligence techniques help detect and respond to intrusion attempts and help organizations set up a framework that can secure their services and interests. This chapter surveys different parameters and resources required to construct such a threat intelligence technique for an organization. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the various cases and models of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and Intrusion Response System (IRS) along with their comparison using the security resources collected during the construction of a Threat Intelligence model. All of this combined forms the threat intelligence technique. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
A Survey on Wired, Wireless, and Internet of Things Routing Protocols
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2019) Kamble, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Delivery of data through the shortest path in a computer network is always a key area of research for academic as well as in industry. The routing protocols are extensively used in networking today to identify the shortest path. As technology is evolving in the wireless networks, Internet of Things (IoT), etc., routing protocols also need to be modified. The paper provides an overview of how routing protocols have changed from wired to wireless networks and for IoTs, different categories of the routing for wired and wireless networks. Though wired network provides fast and reliable communication as compared to wireless, due to the need of the internet everywhere, the wireless is preferred over wired. All three categories use the different IEEE standard for data transfer. The analysis of various routing protocols given in this paper may help the upcoming researchers to get a quick review of the existing protocol for wired, wireless and IoT networks. Â© 2019 IEEE.
Adoption of Blockchain Technology in Land Registry Systems
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023) Sah, C.K.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
The adoption of blockchain technology in land registry systems has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential to increase efficiency, transparency, and security. This paper provides an overview of the current state of land registry systems and the challenges they face, in-cluding issues related to fraud, corruption, and a lack of trust. Then it discusses how blockchain technology can address these challenges by providing a decentralized, tamper-proof, and transparent platform for recording land transactions. The paper also examines some of the existing blockchain-based land registry systems and their features, using approaches and methodologies, including the use of smart contracts and digital signatures. Finally, the paper discusses the potential benefits and limitations of adopting blockchain technology in land registry systems and provides recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders interested in implementing these systems. Â© 2023 IEEE.
An Adaptive Spatial Traffic Based MAC Protocol for Infrastructure Wireless Networks
(Springer, 2025) Singaraju B V, S.; Ravisankar, A.; Ganesh Prabhu, P.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
As per the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model, the Medium Access Control (MAC) sublayer of the Data Link Layer is responsible for properly utilizing channel resources and allowing channel access to the nodes for data transmission. Random access, controlled access, and channelization protocols meet these requirements. In random access protocols, the probability of data frames colliding is high, whereas in controlled access protocols, control mechanisms may lead to high overhead in networks with low traffic loads. Reservation is a controlled access protocol in which mobile stations reserve time mini-slots for transmission. The control overhead can be quite large in reservation, especially when few active nodes exist. In such cases, throughput can be improved by opting for random access. Moreover, the reservation does not consider the number of data frames each node wishes to send. It also does not enforce fairness in the order in which the nodes transmit. The network traffic can be used to choose the optimal MAC protocol, but existing approaches calculate it based on the recent activity of the network and not the spatial arrangement of nodes. This paper proposes a graph-based approach (the Spatial Traffic Based MAC Protocol Selector—STBMPS) to determine the number of possible collisions in a network for a given time interval and use it as a parameter to select the best-performing MAC protocol for that interval. It also presents a Modified Reservation Scheme (MRS) that reduces idle time and enforces an impartial scheduling mechanism. The STBMPS and the MRS form the Adaptive Spatial Traffic Based MAC Protocol (A-STMAC). The model has been simulated using MATLAB and Python and the results have been used to evaluate its performance. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
An Efficient Bandwidth Management algorithm for WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) wireless network: EBM allocation algorithm
(2012) Gupta, A.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) consists of five service classes with different priorities. The priority of real time traffic is higher than that of non-real time traffic. Since bandwidth is limited, it must be allocated in advance to guarantee the throughput of real time traffic in WiMAX network. But WiMAX standard does not provide any algorithm for dynamic allocation of bandwidth to these services. In this paper, a dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm for WiMAX called Efficient Bandwidth Management (EBM) is proposed. In EBM the bandwidth will be increased in the upcoming frames when the allocated bandwidth is not sufficient to transfer the data. On the other side if the allocated bandwidth is more, then the bandwidth will be decreased in the upcoming frames so that the other services can use this excess bandwidth. This bandwidth increase or decrease is proportional to the remaining data in the queue. EBM increase the throughput of real time traffic as the bandwidth is handled efficiently. The proposed algorithm is implemented in ns-2 and results are compared with traditional IEEE 802.16 WiMAX. The simulation results show that EBM algorithm gives better result for real-time traffic. Â© 2012 IEEE.
An Experimental Evaluation of SHA-512 for Different Modes of Operation
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Bhonge, H.N.; Ambat, M.K.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
We have different numbers of algorithms for computation of the hash. SHA-512 is vulnerable to pre-image attacks. Two variants of SHA-512, which are SHA-512/224 and SHA-512/256, are also susceptible to collision attacks. This paper aimed to overcome the challenges of SHA-5112 and its variants. Our approach is to use the SHA-512 algorithm with different modes of operation. We evaluate each mode of operation in terms of the time required for the computation of the hash. This paper also describes two essential properties, such as pre-image resistance and collision resistance of our approach. Â© 2020 IEEE.
An Experimental Evaluation on the Dependency between One-Way Hash Functions and Salt
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Rathod, U.; Sonkar, M.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Passwords are barriers that protect unauthorized users from accessing personal information in any application. Protecting passwords is one of the challenging tasks in today's world. Currently, a combination of Username/Password used for authentication for a large number of applications. Malicious users might try to steal/misuse the user's data for unethical purposes. To prevent passwords from stealing, developers prefer to use one-way hash functions. One-way hash functions are theoretically irreversible functions that take as an input variable size text and output fixed-sized text. In reality, hash functions are not collision-resistant. Therefore it is recommended to use passwords and randomly generated text called salt to generate hash values and prevent rainbow tables and dictionary attacks. Passwords are hashed at the client-side and sent across the public channel/network. A salt is a randomly generated alphanumeric text used to concatenate with a password to generate a random hash value. This paper demonstrates how the random generation of salt is dependent on passwords and how hash values are dependent on salt. Further, analysis of the behaviour of passwords and hash values using various tools like Wireshark, Ettercap, and Hydra are presented in the paper. Â© 2020 IEEE.
An Improved and Reliable Sequential Decoding of Convolution Codes
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Chandavarkar, B.R.; Byju, A.; Thomas, E.
Error control (detection and correction) of data plays a pivotal role in networking to facilitate the reliable transmission of messages from source to destination. Convolution code is one of the popularly known error control mechanism which is considered superior to several legacy error control algorithms like the Hamming code. The Fano algorithm is a sequential decoding algorithm used to decode long constraint length convolution codes. However, this algorithm has failed to offer 100% error detection and correction capabilities. These lead to the inferior performance of this algorithm to correct errors at the destination. This paper proposes an enhanced Fano (e-Fano) algorithm that offers 100% error detection and correction up to finite bits of error. Through the MATLAB simulations, e-Fano and the conventional Fano algorithm are compared for the % of error detection and correction in the received data. Â© 2020 IEEE.
An Improved Expectation-Based Multi-attribute Multi-hop Routing (IEM2 R) in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Gadagkar, A.V.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs) uses acoustic signals as a physical layer medium for communication underwater. The distinct characteristics of acoustic communication channel make reliable routing a challenging task in underwater applications. To handle this, an Expectation-Based Multi-Attribute Multi-Hop Routing (EM R) was proposed, which selects the best next-hop using an expectations-based multi-attribute ranking based on multiple attributes that are nodeâ€™s residual energy and distance. However, in EM R node mobility was not considered, which is inevitable underwater. Also, fetching the attributes incurs communication overhead and is prone to attacks. Further, it is crucial to optimize the timing of executing expectation-based multi-attribute ranking in deciding the best next hop. To address these issues, this paper proposes an extension to the previous work called an Improved Expectation-Based Multi-Attribute Multi-Hop Routing (IEM R). The IEM R introduces node mobility and implements a prediction model which uses distance and predicted energy as attributes and predicts the best next hop. The proposed method implemented in the industry standard underwater network simulator UnetStack3 is described. Additionally, results show the predicted and actual next-hop selection, energy depletion, average end-to-end delay, and throughput. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
An Interdependency between Symmetric Ciphers and Hash Functions: A Survey
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2020) Dubey, P.K.; Jangid, A.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Symmetric ciphers are one of the most famous cryptographic paradigms in cryptography. Its simplistic algorithm makes it easy to understand, and it has not very complex implementation. Hash functions, on the other hand, are the fundamental algorithm in managing the integrity of the transmitted data. It is also widely popular. Symmetric ciphers and hash functions are very much dependent on each other to make them more secure and robust application. In this paper, we will see how symmetric ciphers and hash functions are connected, and their different use cases in real life. This paper also includes different symmetric ciphers, hash functions, and we will see their relationship. First, this paper will introduce what a security service is, then the classes of cryptographic algorithms are illustrated where we have discussed different paradigms of cryptography. After that, we have addressed different types of symmetric ciphers and hash functions. Based on some use cases, we have shown the inter-dependency of symmetric cipher and hash function. Next, we have presented a comparison in various approaches to dependency. Â© 2020 IEEE.
An unsupervised method for attribute identification from a natural language query
(Springer Verlag service@springer.de, 2018) Bhaskaran, R.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Identifying which attributes the user querying is an important step in providing a Natural language (NL) search interface to a relational database. In this paper, we discuss an unsupervised approach for identifying the target database attributes from natural language (NL) query. This is a knowledge base-driven method which can be adopted into any domain with very little effort. Initially, we created a knowledge base using background information about the database domain. Then used a probabilistic algorithm to calculate the semantic dependency between different nodes in the knowledge base. When processing the query, this dependency score will be used to resolve the target attribute. Â© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018.
Analysis of Mirai Malware and Its Components
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2023) Kumar, S.; Chandavarkar, B.R.
Mirai malware is the most famous malware in the field of IoT. It created much destruction around the end of the year 2016. With just a common password vulnerability of IoT devices, it created a large botnet of 600Kâ€“700K and was able to launch DDoS attacks that were double and triple the volume of DDoS attacks launched so far. It is implemented in such a beautiful and unsophisticated way that more attacks will be later implemented and appended. Releasing its source code provides a way for the attackers to create its variants and provides researchers with a path in the right direction to tackle upcoming variants of Mirai malware. Although the mechanism of attacks and implementation of Mirai seems easy, its implementation is challenging. The following paper provides a guided way to understand Mirai malwareâ€™s functionality and launch it in an isolated environment to do further research on it. Â© 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.