Browsing by Author "Biju, A."

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    Assessing the effectiveness of electrocoagulation, ozonation and Fenton's oxidation for the treatment of phenalkamine condensate: A comparative study
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024) Aswathy, K.R.; Joshy, A.; Biju, A.; Manu, B.; Surenjan, A.
    This study aims to investigate the feasibility of three Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), Electrocoagulation (EC), ozonation and Fenton's oxidation for the treatment of real phenalkamine condensate. Three methods were compared based on COD removal efficiency. Phenalkamines are the Mannich reaction product of cardanol, formaldehyde, and amines. These are widely used in coatings for marine and offshore constructions and as curing agents in industrial adhesives. Cardanol is a derivative obtained by thermal treatment of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). The effluent from the cashew nut industry consists of phenolic compounds of high persistence, and they are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. The phenalkamine condensate has high pH, high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Fenton oxidation showed the highest COD removal efficiency, with maximum efficiency of 80 % and 94 % achieved after the first stage and five stage Fenton's oxidation respectively at optimized operating conditions. In comparison, EC process and ozonation resulted maximum COD removal efficiency of 54.26 % and 30.64 % respectively at optimum reaction conditions. This study revealed that Fenton's oxidation is the most effective method for the treatment of phenalkamine condensate. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd